脂筏标记蛋白flotillin-2生理功能的研究进展

为了给进一步研究flotillin-2与某些神经退行性疾病(如海绵状脑病等)的关系提供参考,对脂筏标记蛋白flotillin-2的结构及其主要的生理功能进行了综述,提出,进一步研究flotillin-2与某些神经组织退化疾病及肿瘤的关系,对疯牛疯、克雅病、阿尔兹罕默氏病以及肿瘤病的发病机制及治疗研究具有重要意义。     

感染旋毛虫小鼠的心肌CPT1 mRNA表达量及血脂变化

为探讨旋毛虫感染对宿主脂代谢及心肌损伤的影响,分别取感染前、后不同时期小鼠心肌组织和血清,应用半定量RT-PCR法检测心肌中肉毒碱脂酰转移酶1(CPT1)mRNA的表达量,并对血脂各成分浓度进行测定。结果发现,感染后第14～24天,CPT1mRNA的相对表达量增加明显(P<0.05);由感染前的0.37逐渐增加至0.93(感染后第19天),然后又逐渐下降至0.46(感染后第52天)。表明小鼠心肌CPT1的活性升高,因而心肌细胞不会因滞留过量的游离脂肪酸而造成心肌损伤。血脂中甘油三酯(TG)的浓度均高于对照组的0.43mmol/L,高密度脂蛋白(HDL)的浓度均低于对照组的2.14mmol/L,胆固醇(TC)的浓度下降,低密度脂蛋白的浓度先下降后上升;在感染后第19天,TG上升明显(P<0.05),而HDL、TC下降也比较显著(P<0.05)。可见感染后小鼠脂代谢出现紊乱,可能是导致心肌损伤的重要原因之一。     

2′-氯地西泮在大鼠体内分布及代谢降解规律研究

目的研究2′-氯地西泮及其代谢物(地洛西泮、氯甲西泮、劳拉西泮)在大鼠体内分布及代谢规律,为2′-氯地西泮相关案件的检验提供实验数据。方法40只SD大鼠随机分为4组,禁食12h,按2.625mg/kg 2′-氯地西泮灌胃给药,第一组给药后不同时间点经大鼠尾静脉采血,第二组为采血空白对照组,第三组给药30min后处死,取心、肝、肺、肾、脑、睾丸,经乙酸乙酯液液萃取后用高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱检测2′-氯地西泮及代谢物含量,第四组为分布空白对照组。结果2′-氯地西泮进入体内后,迅速代谢分布,在20min内达到血液最高浓度。2′-氯地西泮及代谢物在各器官中的分布特点为:肝>脑>心脏>肾>睾丸>肺。结论经灌胃2′-氯地西泮进入大鼠体内后,监测2′-氯地西泮及其代谢物在大鼠体内的分布及降解规律可以为2′-氯地西泮相关案件的检验鉴定提供参考依据。     

Biolog-Eco法检测尸体微生物群落的代谢功能变化

目的检测死后不同时间尸体上微生物群落功能多样性的变化并评估其在死亡时间推断中的应用价值。方法采用Biolog-Eco微平板对野外实验中来自于死后0~240 h猪和人尸体的肛门拭子进行微生物群体的培养,监测其引起的光密度值变化,结合法医病理学及蝇类演替,观察自然腐败尸体微生物群落的代谢特性及其变化。结果微生物代谢功能多样性与蛆虫数量变化呈负相关关系。冷冻在0 h对每孔颜色平均变化率影响最大,48 h后基本消失,192 h后尸体微生物群落多样性相对不稳定。主成分分析将31种碳源综合为5个主成分(累积贡献率90%)。碳源tsquare分析显示,N-乙酰-D-葡萄糖氨和L-丝氨酸是推断人和猪样品PMI(0~240 h)的优势碳源。结论 Biolog-Eco法能表现死亡后0~240 h尸体上微生物群落对部分碳源利用的代谢差异,有望为死亡时间推断提供新依据。     

The detection of hydromorphone in urine specimens with high morphine concentrations

A previous study suggested that small amounts of morphine are metabolically converted to hydromorphone. In the present study, morphine positive urine specimens obtained from a postmortem laboratory and a random urinalysis program were tested for morphine, codeine, hydromorphone, hydrocodone, oxymorphone, and oxycodone to assess the possibility that small amounts of hydromorphone are produced from the metabolism of morphine. The opioids were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as their respective trimethylsilyl derivatives following solid phase extraction. The limit of detection for hydromorphone was 5 ng/mL. A total of 73 morphine positive urine specimens were analyzed, with morphine concentrations ranging from 131 to 297,000 ng/mL. Hydromorphone was present at a concentration > or =5 ng/mL in 36 of these specimens at concentrations ranging from 0.02% to 12% of the morphine concentration. Hydrocodone was not detected in these specimens at the assay detection limit of 25 ng/mL. These results support earlier work suggesting that the detection of hydromorphone in urine specimens does not necessarily mean that exogenous hydromorphone or hydrocodone was used.     

基于Hippo/AMPK/AKT信号通路探究十二味疏肝利胆颗粒防治胆固醇结石的机制

目的 探究十二味疏肝利胆颗粒（Twelve-Flavor Shugan Lidan Granule,TSLG）降低胆固醇累积预防结石生成的分子机制。方法 基于药理学数据分析获取TSLG的活性成分与靶点;从Genebass数据库获取与胆囊结石疾病相关的基因,通过Cytoscape软件构建TSLG调控网络并进行核心基因鉴定;采用GO与KEGG通路富集分析对TSLG调控网络中的核心基因及肝组织转录组差异基因进行生物功能与通路注释;利用分子对接方法模拟关键生物标志物与TSLG核心成分的对接模式。采用油酸构建胆固醇累积的细胞模型,应用Western blot法、免疫荧光法检测磷酸化腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶（phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase,p-AMPK）、肝脏X受体α（liver X receptors α,LXRα）、ATP结合盒转运蛋白（ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member,ABCG）5、ABCG8、胆固醇调节元件结合蛋白2（sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2,SREBP2）、磷酸化蛋白激酶B（phosphorylated protein kinase B,p-AKT）、磷酸化叉头盒蛋白O1a（phosphorylated forkhead box O1 a,p-FOXO1A）的表达水平;Seahorse细胞能量代谢仪检测细胞线粒体耗氧率和细胞外酸化率;RT-qPCR检测三羧酸循环（tricarboxylic acid cycle,TAC）关键酶的mRNA表达水平。结果 网络药理学分析获得了41个TSLG调控疾病的相关靶点。分子生物学实验结果表明,TSLG抑制p-AMPK、LXRα、ABCG5、ABCG8、SREBP2的表达,增强p-AKT、p-FOXO1A的表达,TSLG抑制糖酵解并增强氧化磷酸化,TSLG抑制TAC循环酶活性,改善肝脏糖脂代谢,从而预防胆固醇结石的生成。结论 TSLG中主要成分可能通过靶向AMPK、AKT及Hippo信号通路调节肝脏代谢,以达到降低胆固醇累积、预防结石生成的作用。     

糖肾康颗粒对糖尿病肾病患者血清同型半胱氨酸及脂质代谢紊乱的影响

目的 观察糖肾康颗粒对糖尿病肾病（diabetic nephropathy,DN）气阴两虚血瘀证患者血清同型半胱氨酸（homocysteine,Hcy）及脂质代谢紊乱的干预作用。〖JP2〗方法 将60例DN气阴两虚血瘀证患者随机分为试验组和对照组各30例,在降压治疗基础上,试验组给予糖肾康颗粒冲服,对照组给予缬沙坦胶囊口服。治疗16周后,检测尿微量白蛋白/尿肌酐比值（urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio,UACR）、24 h尿蛋白（24-hour proteinuria,24hUpro）、血肌酐（serum creatinine, SCr）、估算肾小球滤过率（estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR）、血清Hcy、总胆固醇（total cholesterol,TC）、三酰甘油（triglyceride, TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, LDL-C）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, HDL-C）、载脂蛋白-A1（apolipoprotein A1, ApoA1）、载脂蛋白-B（apolipoprotein B, ApoB）。结果 试验组疾病疗效显著优于对照组（P＜0.05）。两组患者治疗后UACR、24hUpro、SCr均较治疗前显著降低（P＜0.05）,eGFR较治疗前显著升高（P＜0.05）;且试验组治疗后UACR和24hUpro降低值显著大于对照组（P＜0.05）。试验组血清Hcy、TC、LDL-C、ApoB与治疗前比较均显著降低（P＜0.05）,而对照组治疗后血清Hcy、TC、LDL-C、ApoB均无明显变化（P＞0.05）,试验组治疗后Hcy、LDL-C、ApoB降低值显著大于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论 糖肾康颗粒降低DN气阴两虚血瘀证患者蛋白尿、改善肾功能的作用机制与改善高半胱氨酸血症和脂质代谢紊乱有关。     

K2 Toxicity: Fatal Case of Psychiatric Complications Following AM2201 Exposure

Limited forensic and clinical experience and the lack of confirmatory testing strategies for synthetic cannabinoids (SC) prevent adequate characterization of SC toxicity and the potential impact on public health. A statewide surveillance system identified a fatality involving a 23‐year‐old man found with a large stab wound to the neck following use of a SC product suspected of containing AM2201. Analytical testing for common SCs, SC metabolites, routine drugs of abuse, and over‐the‐counter medications was performed on heart blood obtained at autopsy. Additionally, assays were performed on the SC raw material and drug paraphernalia found on the decedent. High concentrations of AM2201 were detected in all samples. AM2201 metabolites were detected in postmortem blood. Other than a trace amount of JWH‐073 found in smoke residue, no other substances were detected. Psychiatric complications including self‐induced, lethal trauma can occur after the use of SC products.     

Characterization of In Vitro Metabolites of CP 47,497, a Synthetic Cannabinoid,in Human Liver Microsomes by LC‐MS/MS

CP 47,497, a potent cannabinoid receptor type 1 agonist, is the main active ingredient in the herbal mixture “Spice” sold in European countries. The illegal use of “Spice” for its psychoactive effects has become a social issue. In this study, the in vitro metabolism of CP 47,497 was investigated in human liver microsomes to characterize the metabolic fate of CP 47,497. CP 47,497 was incubated with human liver microsomes, and the reaction mixture was analyzed using liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry. A total of eight metabolites were detected in human liver microsomes and structurally characterized based on mass spectral data. The main metabolic pathways involved hydroxylations or oxygenations. The identified metabolites were mono‐oxygenated metabolites (M1 and M4), mono‐hydroxylated metabolites (M3, M5, M6, M7, and M8), and a di‐oxygenated metabolite (M2). The detection of these metabolites could confirm the presence of CP 47,497 in biological samples; therefore, collectively, they would be excellent indicators of “Spice” drug abuse.     

Analysis of 4‐Bromo‐2,5‐DimethoxyphenethylamineAbuser's Urine: Identification and Quantitation of Urinary Metabolites

The metabolites of 4‐bromo‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C‐B), a psychoactive drug with hallucinogenic activity, were investigated in a urine sample from a user of 2C‐B. The urine sample was deconjugated enzymatically and the metabolites were recovered by liquid–liquid extraction. The extract was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry after derivatization, and the results were used to identify and quantitate the metabolites. 4‐Bromo‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenylacetic acid was the most abundant metabolite of 2C‐B in human urine and accounted for 73% of the total amount of detected metabolites, followed by 4‐bromo‐2‐hydroxy‐5‐methoxyphenylacetic acid (13%) and 4‐bromo‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenylethyl alcohol (4.5%). According to the literature, the main metabolites of 2C‐B in rat urine are N‐(4‐bromo‐2‐methoxy‐5‐hydroxyphenylethyl)acetamide and N‐(4‐bromo‐2‐hydroxy‐5‐methoxyphenylethyl)acetamide. However, these metabolites accounted for only a small proportion of the total amount of detected metabolites in human urine, which indicates that there are significant species‐specific differences in the metabolism of 2C‐B. 4‐Bromo‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenylacetic acid, which was the most abundant metabolite in human urine, is thought to be generated by deamination of 2C‐B by monoamine oxidase (MAO) followed by oxidation by aldehyde dehydrogenase. Our results suggest that MAO plays a crucial role in the metabolism of 2C‐B in humans.