地方各级人民法院宪法地位的规范分析

我国地方各级人民法院均由宪法规范直接创设并具有宪法机关地位,这在比较法中是个特例.作为宪法设定的“国家的审判机关”,地方各级人民法院是非地方、非中央的法律性机关,它与最高人民法院一起构成了行使审判权的整体,而不像各级国家权力机关和各级国家行政机关那样在纵向上划分各自的事权.宪法第3条第4款规定的中央和地方国家机构职权划分的原则,即“在中央的统一领导下,充分发挥地方的主动性、积极性”,主要是针对国家权力机关和行政机关的要求,并不适用于人民法院.审判权一体性是基本原则,而审判组织地方性只是具体制度,二者之间的冲突应当也只能通过限缩后者得到解决.     

医疗侵权案件地方司法指导文件证据规定研究

我国部分地方法院制定了有关医疗损害赔偿纠纷案件审理的地方性司法指导文件,其中关于举证责任分配等证据内容既有成功之处,也存在一些问题。这些文件制定的成因主要是基础法律法规的变动,相关司法解释的缺位以及现实案件审理的强烈需求。这些规定也将为国家制定相关司法解释提供有益的借鉴。     

权力制约：中央与地方关系法治化的核心

中央与地方关系法治化的核心问题是通过中央与地方的有限分权实现对中央和地方权力的有效制约。基于权力制约目标设计中央与地方关系是现代法治的基本要求。集权模式下的中央与地方“分权”只是国家整体意义上权力内部的纵向职能分工,不具有权力纵向制衡意义的分权功能。建立有限政府、实行单一制下的中央与地方分权,既是控权模式下中央与地方关系的重要目标,也是实现中央与地方关系法治化的制度基础。     

地方政府公共服务能力建设探究

目前,我国经济建设快速发展,已进入全面建设小康社会新的历史阶段。但公共事业的发展严重滞后于经济发展,影响了经济社会的可持续发展和广大人民群众生活水平的提高。因此,在以社会管理、公共服务为主要职能的前提下,提升地方政府的公共服务能力对地方经济和社会的发展意义重大。     

行政层级与政策执行失效

导致政策执行失效的原因很多,但探究政策执行失效的前提是必须清楚政策执行失效主要发生在哪些政府中。本文认为,不同的行政层级在政策执行中体现不同的特征,政策执行失效并非发生在所有层级的政府中,而是主要集中在省级以下政府。     

Victims of Sexual Violence in the Canadian Criminal Courts

The literature on victims of sexual violence in the criminal justice system has overwhelmingly pointed to the negative impact of these encounters. This research project sought to explore various aspects that might contribute to harm by conducting in-depth qualitative interviews and collecting limited quantitative data on 31 victims who had encountered various processes in the justice system. Results indicated a wide range of experiences, indicating that no interactions within the system were universally harmful or helpful. Victim experience was shaped by the attitudes and behaviors of specific people within the system demonstrating the importance each individual plays in their official capacity. In the final analysis however, victim satisfaction with the jail term was key to understanding experiences of harm.     

FAMILIES,COURTS, AND THE END OF LIFE: SCHIAVO AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FAMILY JUSTICE SYSTEM

The article discusses a proposed universal adoption of comprehensive family law subject matter jurisdiction, inclusive of end‐of‐life (EOL) cases, as articulated in the unified family court (UFC) concept. It posits, using the Schiavo matter to illustrate the difficulties inherent in EOL disputes, that contested EOL cases are unlike other civil court cases in that they involve intimate facts and emotionally laden family dynamics. As such, these cases pose a distinctive challenge for the courts. The article suggests that contested EOL cases should be heard in a UFC because UFCs include alternative dispute resolution (ADR) protocols to deescalate family strife with the goal of facilitating out‐of‐court settlements and that litigation is an imperfect solution for an EOL dispute. It is also noted that judges presiding in UFCs are more experienced in handling fractious family matters and thus they are more likely to avert protracted litigation if the matter is not settled via ADR.     

THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD AND THE NEED FOR ITS INCORPORATION INTO A BILL OF RIGHTS

In this article I discuss the failure of most democratic countries to accept or properly implement the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, despite, except in the case of the United States, having ratified it. I consider the domestic implementation of treaties. I discuss, from an Australian perspective, that country's failure to enact a Bill of Rights and argue that children in Australia have suffered as a result. I also discuss judicial approaches to international law and compare the situation in countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and New Zealand and suggest that even in those countries that do have a Bill of Rights, it is not oriented toward children and therefore does not properly recognize their rights.     

制度竞合：中央与地方关系演进的必然趋势

地方政府通过制度创新激活了当地经济，但中央对这种创新行为回应的滞后甚至默许又造成中央与地方之间的制度罅隙，进而形成地方保护。因此，必须通过分化政府职能、调整权力结构、健全决策过程以及重构绩效评估机制来实现中央与地方的制度竞合。