字符编码在电子数据司法鉴定中的应用

本文分析了字符的常用编码方法以及如何对各种不同编码方式进行转码和解码，提出了基于字符编码的关键字查询方法，并结合电子数据司法鉴定工作中遇到的实际案例，描述如何通过该方法实现关键字的快速查询。     

An investigation into the accuracy of follow-on GPRS/mobile data CDRs

This study investigated the accuracy of 3G and 4G follow-on GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)/mobile data CDRs (Call Detail Records) from three UK mobile network operators (EE, Vodafone and Three). Follow-on GPRS/mobile data CDRs are currently considered to be more open to misinterpretation than voice/SMS CDRs as uncertainties exist regarding the correspondence between the timestamp and the Cell ID presented within the CDRs. Consequently, follow-on GPRS/mobile CDRs may be disregarded during criminal investigations, potentially losing valuable intelligence and evidence. To assess the accuracy of follow-on GPRS/mobile data CDRs, connected mode RF (Radio Frequency) surveys were conducted while simultaneously producing follow-on GPRS/mobile data CDRs in a travelling vehicle. This allowed a comparison of the start Cell ID presented in the CDR and the Cell ID that provided coverage to the device at the start time of the CDR to assess the correspondence between the timestamp and the Cell ID presented within the CDRs, and to consider the validity of the terminology used by experts. It was found that individual follow-on GPRS/mobile data CDRs cannot consistently place a device within the coverage area of the start Cell ID at the start time of the CDR. Instead, the results indicate that a terminology which places the device within the coverage area of the start Cell ID ‘at or before’ the start time of the CDR is appropriate. It is crucial that follow-on GPRS/mobile data CDRs are analysed with this consideration in mind so to interpret the evidence correctly.     

数据治理法律路径的反思与转进

数据已成为数据经济的重要生产要素和企业之间竞相争夺的战略资源。当前数据法律规范体系正处在理论构建阶段,数据法律规范严重滞后于数据产业的发展,并引发诸多的数据纠纷。理论上,依靠传统财产权路径,尤其是创设绝对权性质的数据财产权成为数据治理的主要选择,但此路径面临着诸多问题,新型数据财产权的构建仍前途未卜。数据治理合同路径更契合当前数据经济的发展,在实现数据流通与商业模式创新上更具灵活性,其本质是数据许可合同的规范问题,应成为数据治理的重要法律路径。我国数据治理合同路径应当构建以数据许可合同为一类典型合同作为数据时代的基础合同,并参照国外相关立法实现此类合同的专门立法。     

论政府数据开放的基本原则

在中央层面统一立法缺位现状下，明确政府数据开放应遵循的基本原则有益于地方政府数据开放实践开展与相关法律制度构建。确立基本原则应当依据以下三个标准：促进公众对政府数据资源的再利用，符合政府数据开放制度的目标定位，满足数据安全保障的要求。基于该标准，数据安全保护原则、需求导向原则、数据质量原则、自由使用原则、公众参与原则应被确定为政府数据开放的基本原则。数据安全保护原则旨在管控数据安全风险，保障数据开放与利用在安全可控前提下进行。需求导向、数据质量、自由使用三项原则围绕数据、开放和利用三个关键环节展开，为数据可用性提供根本保障。政府数据开放对公众参与的强依赖性使公众参与成为一项基本原则，进而推动公私合作治理的数字政府改革进程。     

The state of the art in privacy impact assessment

There is growing interest in Europe in privacy impact assessment (PIA). The UK introduced the first PIA methodology in Europe in 2007, and Ireland followed in 2010. PIAs provide a way to detect potential privacy problems, take precautions and build tailored safeguards before, not after, the organisation makes heavy investments in the development of a new technology, service or product. This paper presents some findings from the Privacy Impact Assessment Framework (PIAF) project and, in particular, the project's first deliverable, which analyses the similarities and differences between PIA methodologies in Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States, with a view to picking out the best elements which could be used in constructing an optimised PIA methodology for Europe. The project, which began in January 2011, is being undertaken for the European Commission's Directorate General Justice. The first deliverable was completed in September. The paper provides some background on privacy impact assessment, identifies some of its benefits and discusses elements that can be used in construction of a state-of-the-art PIA methodology.     

Privacy and the regulation of 2012

This paper explores the European Commission’s proposal for a new Regulation to update and reform data protection law in Europe. As regards the Regulation itself, without presenting an exhaustive analysis of all the provisions, this paper aims to highlight some significant changes proposed to the data protection regime by comparison between Directive 95/46 and the proposed Regulation. It takes particularly into account legislative innovation concerning data protection principles, data subjects’ rights, data controllers and data processors obligations, and the regulation of technologies. Before analyzing these innovations, it introduces some considerations about the Commission’s choice to use a Regulation instead of a Directive to harmonize national data protection regime.     

电子数据司法鉴定主要类型及其定位简

电子数据司法鉴定已经成为当前司法鉴定研究热点问题之一。它是计算机司法鉴定的一种主要类型。根据鉴定性质不同，电子数据司法鉴定可以分为以“发现证据”为目标的鉴定和以“评估证据”为目标的鉴定。前者包括数据检索与固定、数据恢复、数据来源分析、数据内容分析、数据综合分析；后者包括同一鉴定、真伪鉴定、相似性鉴定、功能鉴定、复合鉴定等不同性质的鉴定项目。这两类鉴定在鉴定目标、程序、风险、意见主观性和证据审查等方面均存在显著差异。     

Political support among winners and losers: Within- and between-country effects of structure,process and performance in Europe

Why is the winner-loser gap in political support wider in some countries and narrower in others? Previous studies have focused on how the input side of political systems (i.e., the institutional structure) affects the winner-loser gap. This study suggests that one should also consider the output side (i.e., the quality of political process and economic performance) and posits that two mechanisms – rational and psychological – can explain how output factors affect the gap. Going beyond previous research, this article also considers whether contextual characteristics explain the variation in the gap not only between countries, but also within them. Applying mixed models to survey data from 30 European countries between 2002 and 2015, the study finds that the differences in support between winners and losers across countries are smaller in consensual systems, as in these contexts the support among losers is higher. However, changes in the institutional structure do not explain the over-time variation in the winner-loser gap. Moreover, increasing quality of process and economic performance do not attenuate the gap across countries and over time, as they affect positively the political support of both winners and losers. The study shows which contextual factors explain the winner-loser gap and points to the conditions that increase losers’ consent, which is a crucial element of democratic legitimacy.     

Crucial Factors in Implementing Radical Policy Change: A Comparative Longitudinal Study of Nordic Central Agency Relocation Programs

Abstract

Why do public policies succeed or fail? The aim of this article is to contribute to answering this enduring research question in policy research through a comparative study of the variable efforts by Nordic governments to relocate their central agencies from the capital regions over a period of several decades. This was a radical redistributive policy program premised on a policy instrument – coercion – which was very alien to political systems characterized as consensual democracies. Hence, it is no surprise that only two out of seven relocation programs of any substance were successful. The really intriguing research question here is how any relocation program was achievable at all in a policy context where this was very unlikely. A broadly based multi-theoretical analytical framework linking interest groups, institutions, human agency in the form of policy entrepreneurship/design and situational factors is employed to solve this research puzzle. Findings from this study offer important contributions to the following research fields: comparative public policy, radical policy change and most specifically the so-called third generation of public policy implementation research.     

中国与东盟各国间的贸易与FDI关系实证研究

本文选取2003～2009年间中国与东盟各国贸易和直接投资面板数据,用实证方法研究中国和东盟各国间的贸易与对外直接投资(FDI)的关系,结果表明:中国对缅甸、印度尼西亚、老挝、新加坡、越南的FDI及新加坡对中国的FDI促进进口贸易、出口贸易、进出口总贸易;中国对文莱、柬埔寨、菲律宾的FDI及文莱对中国的FDI促进出口贸易;中国对柬埔寨的直接投资促进进出口总贸易;泰国对中国的FDI与进口贸易、出口贸易、进出口总贸易间存在替代效应。此外,对外直接投资和贸易具有极强的双向因果关系。