黄牛输卵管结构的组织学观察

采用冰冻切片HE染色方法对黄牛输卵管各部进行了组织学观察,以为生殖生理学和胚胎工程学等教学和研究工作提供基础资料。结果显示,黄牛输卵管伞和漏斗部为膜性结构,由两侧的假复层纤毛柱状上皮和中央的疏松结缔组织共同构成,没有肌层和外膜。壶腹部和峡部均由黏膜层、肌层和外膜构成。黏膜上皮为假复层纤毛柱状上皮,由柱状纤毛细胞、分泌细胞和基细胞共同构成,固有膜由疏松结缔组织构成,在峡部尚含有浆液性腺泡。黏膜层形成大小不等的初级纵行皱褶。漏斗部和壶腹部的大初级皱褶又分出数量不等的次级皱褶和三级皱褶;峡部只有初级皱褶,无次级皱褶和三级皱褶。肌肉层由内斜、外环两层平滑肌构成。外膜大部分为浆膜结构,在输卵管系膜侧为结缔组织的外膜。     

法律运行过程纵向的动态展开——以习惯法为例的宏观考察

法律运行过程纵向的动态展开,是在法律运行过程横向的动态展开基础上的一种历时性的动态展开。文章通过对古今中外国家法律对前法律因素——习惯——吸纳情况的宏观的历史考察,证明法律运行过程受到前法律因素的极大影响:当现行法律重视对前法律因素习惯的吸纳并取得了较好效果的时候,现行法律社会化就会得到前法律社会化的支持,法律运行过程就顺畅;反之,法律运行过程就不畅甚至严重受阻;说明了国家主义法律运行观的局限性和不足。     

The Role of Postmortem Cardiac Markers in the Diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction*

Abstract: Sudden cardiac deaths because of acute myocardial infarction (MI) constitute a significant percentage of the caseload for death investigators, coroners, and forensic pathologists. Clinicians use cardiac markers, highly sensitive and specific for myocardial damage, to screen living patients for acute MI; however, to this point, the utility of these markers in the autopsy setting has not been fully established. The current study included 10 decedents, five who died of acute MI, and five subjects who died of noncardiac disease. Samples of pericardial fluid and blood from multiple sites were tested for creatine kinase, creatinine kinase MB, and troponin‐I. Three main conclusions were drawn: the levels of cardiac markers from all patients are significantly higher than the reference range for living patients, there are significant differences in cardiac marker levels between samples from different anatomic locations, and only three cardiac marker/anatomic site combinations were significantly different between the control and study groups.     

INFLUENCE AND SELECTION PROCESSES IN WEAPON CARRYING DURING ADOLESCENCE: THE ROLES OF STATUS,AGGRESSION, AND VULNERABILITY*

The role of peers in weapon carrying (guns, knives, and other weapons) inside and outside the school was examined in this study. Data stem from a longitudinal study of a high-risk sample of male students (7th to 10th grade; N = 167) from predominantly Hispanic low-socio-economic-status schools in the United States. Longitudinal social-network models were used to test whether similarity in weapon carrying among friends results from peer influence or selection. From a goal-framing approach, we argue that weapon carrying might function as a status symbol in friendship networks and, consequently, be subject to peer influence. The findings indicate that weapon carrying is indeed a result of peer influence. The role of status effects was supported by findings that weapon carrying increased the number of friendship nominations received by peers and reduced the number of given nominations. In addition, peer-reported aggressiveness predicted weapon carrying 1 year later. These findings suggest that adolescent weapon carrying emerges from a complex interplay between the attraction of weapon carriers for affiliation, peer influence in friendship networks, and individual aggression.     

青少年犯罪成因心理学研究新进展

青少年犯罪问题及其成因是各国普遍关注的焦点,也是犯罪成因研究的主要领域.青少年犯罪的成因相当复杂,已经广泛涉及到了生物神经科学、心理学、社会学、经济学以及政策等层面,迄今还没有令各方一致满意的定论.作为犯罪行为产生的最直接的因素--心理层面的理论研究则是青少年犯罪成因研究中非常有特色的领域.近年来,青少年犯罪成因理论研究逐渐采取了科际整合的观点,结合各领域各个学科的研究对各类青少年犯罪进行研究.青少年危险模式包括了社区、家庭和个人等因素,提供了多元化的取向.我国的学者长期囿于传统的横断研究,鲜有对青少年犯罪进行纵贯研究者,需要进行青少年犯罪纵贯研究的尝试与探索.     

The SNPforID 34-plex—Its ability to infer level of admixture in individuals

Forensic scientists use genetic individualization markers to include or exclude persons of interest in investigations. However, when there are no suspects due to absence of database matches or eye-witness information, prediction of biogeographical ancestry can be a valuable investigative tool. The SNPforID 34-plex uses 34 autosomal markers to predict ancestry from three geographic regions, Africa, Europe and East Asia. However, its ability to identify levels of admixture within individuals is unclear. We tested the 34-plex assay in 56 individuals from 15 families with varying levels of self-declared Asian/European admixed ancestry. STRUCTURE 2.3.4 was used for population structure analysis and cluster information provided inferences on levels of admixture. Chi-square tests were performed to evaluate the ability of the SNPforID 34-plex to predict level of admixture. The average/SD Asian and European contribution for individuals self-declared as first generation since admixture was 0.46/0.13 and 0.54/0.13, respectively. As expected, the average European contribution increased for individuals of 1/4, 1/8 and 1/16 Asian/European ancestries – 0.78/0.13, 0.89/0.05 and 0.91/0.03, respectively. There were no significant differences between observed and expected average contribution from each ancestry. However, individual outliers were observed, which could have been misclassified if analyzed separately. These results suggest the 34-plex can be a reliable tool to predict levels of admixture; however caution is required when an individual sample is investigated. A larger number of markers, combined with increased sample sizes comprising varying levels of admixture of different biogeographical ancestries, are required to enhance the ability to predict an individual's level of biogeographical ancestry.     

Limitations of the KISS Principle and a Strong Organizational Society: A Rejoinder to Wollebæk and Selle

In their discussion of my article, Dag Wollebæk and Per Selle agree with my central point that changes in the institutional and socio-political context are likely to affect the engagement-values relation over time, and that more theoretical and empirical research is required to better understand the underlying connections. They then highlight a number of weaknesses in my empirical analysis. First, they criticize the operationalization of the isolated–connected distinction I borrow from Paxton, and point to the scope of engagement as a way of ‘keeping it simple’. Second, they express disbelief in the apparent strength of the correlations at the individual level compared to the aggregate level in my analysis, and assert that an ‘organizational society of broad scope’ is primary. In this rejoinder, I briefly discuss both comments.     

Media Exposure, Current and Future Body Ideals, and Disordered Eating Among Preadolescent Girls: A Longitudinal Panel Study

Internalization of the thin body ideal is considered by many to account for the relationship between media exposure and disordered eating among girls and young women, but almost all supporting research has employed adolescent and adult samples. Using longitudinal panel survey data collected from 257 preadolescent girls at 2 points in time 1 year apart, we tested relationships between self-reported television and magazine exposure at wave 1 and current (prepubescent) and future (postpubescent) body ideals and disordered eating at wave 2. Controlling age, race, perceived body size, and body ideals and disordered eating measured at wave 1, television viewing at wave 1 predicted increased disordered eating and a thinner postpubescent body ideal at wave 2. In contrast, none of the media variables predicted a thinner prepubescent body ideal at wave 2. These findings suggest that the thin-ideal internalization construct needs refinement to enhance its developmental sensitivity.

An 18-Year Model of Family and Peer Effects on Adolescent Drug Use and Delinquency

The interrelationship of family and peer experiences in predicting adolescent problem behaviors was examined in an 18-year longitudinal sample of adolescents (N = 198) from conventional and nonconventional families. Positive associations among early childhood predictors and adolescent problem behaviors were consistent with problem behavior theory. The most powerful predictors of teen drug use and delinquent behaviors were similar behaviors by peers. Peer behaviors, however, were in turn predicted by earlier family-related variables and the quality of peer relationships in childhood. This study provides supporting evidence that strong peer effects in adolescence reflect even earlier processes in childhood and highlight the importance of linkages from early childhood experiences in family and peer contexts to the development of problem behaviors in adolescence. Implications for prevention and intervention programs are discussed.     

Visualizing Lives: New Pathways for Analyzing Life Course Trajectories

The goal of statistical analysis is to find patterns in data. Most statistical methods rely on analyzing the effect of the same set of variables on the population under study, i.e., nomothetic analysis. Therefore, when data are collected in the social sciences, most often they are put in a framework that resembles a spreadsheet: each row represents a separate individual, and each column represents a separate characteristic (or variable) that pertains to that individual.However, not all individuals in the study are affected by the same set of variables: each individual may have his/her own individual set of relevant variables, suggesting that methods be developed that consider them individually, i.e., idiographic analysis. Moreover, lives are lived chronologically, and are often best described in narrative form. These narratives usually have to be condensed, or abridged in other ways, in order to fit the data framework and permit what one might call ``algorithmic analysis. Each set of methods has its advantage: nomothetic methods generate general laws that apply to all, while idiographic methods trace the putative causal relationships that are unique to each individual.This paper describes another data collection and analytic framework, one that (a) is chronological; (b) recognizes that different people may have experienced entirely different events and thus may need different ``variables to understand their behavior; (c) recognizes that, even if people experience similar events, they may have entirely different reactions to them; and (d) can be studied (and patterns inferred) using an exploratory graphical analysis that is more free-form than algorithmic analysis. Examples of this type of analysis used in different medical and criminal justice contexts are given, and suggested directions of research in this area are described.