司法鉴定立法比较之法理研判——以新《刑事诉讼法》与新《民事诉讼法》为视角

2012年修改并通过的《刑事诉讼法》和《民事诉讼法》已于今年1月1日实施。两大新诉讼法对证据制度,包括证据种类、证明标准等内容进行了重大改革。其中,对于司法实践中证据地位凸显的鉴定意见,两大诉讼法也做了调整,包括完善鉴定人出庭制度、专家辅助人制度、鉴定人保护、鉴定人选任等。但因两大诉讼法性质不同,新刑诉法和新民诉法对相关内容做了不同规定,对于其是否符合立法统一性、是否具有合理性、是否与其诉讼性质相一致,有必要从法学理论角度层面予以释明与检视。     

Policy-makers’ perceptions on their sex offender laws: the good,the bad,and the ugly

The views and attitudes that lawmakers have about sexual offenders and sexual victimization can be influential in criminal lawmaking. And given the popularity of sex offender laws, policy-makers are central players in how state justice systems respond to sex crimes. Therefore, state-level policy-makers from across the country, who sponsored and passed at least one sex offender law in their state, (n?=?61) were interviewed about sex offenders and sex crimes. Policy-makers believe sex offender laws are too broad. The laws extend to nonviolent offenses, low-risk offenders, and thus dilute the law enforcement potency of sex offender registries. Policy-makers view existing sex offender laws as necessary to enhance public safety and as proof that lawmakers are responding to the needs and concerns of the public. Sex offender laws were also discussed as a source of political capital; a way to help ensure reelection. The sexual victimization of children and the media’s coverage of sex crimes were instrumental in these state-level policy-makers’ decisions to sponsor sex offender laws. Policy and research recommendations are offered.     

克隆人立法的宪法规制

克隆羊"多莉"诞生以来,克隆技术迅猛发展,克隆人问题的现实性日益彰显。我国秉持"禁止生殖性克隆、支持治疗性克隆"的指导思想,出台了相关规章禁止克隆人。然而,目前我国克隆人的相关立法有违背宪法上的法律保留原则和比例原则之嫌,存在着合宪性问题。建议全国人大根据法律保留和比例原则制定专门的《克隆技术管理法》,明确界定克隆人的相关概念,禁止任何人从事生殖性克隆,并明确规定监管机关的监管职责以及违法应当承担的法律责任,同时将生殖性克隆入罪、明确立法的"落日条款",以消解当前克隆人立法的合宪性问题,实现克隆人立法的宪法规制。     

论我国规制网络言论立法之完善

法律在规制网络言论中具有重要作用,目前世界上多数国家都有规制网络言论的法律规定。我国规制网络言论的立法覆盖面广,各领域基本做到了有法可依,但存在立法层次低、权威性不够以及法制不统一等问题。完善规制网络言论的立法,应遵循必要性原则、明确性原则和公众参与原则。国务院应加强对行政法规、规章的审查和清理工作。全国人大常委会应适时出台《网络信息管理法》和《个人信息保护法》。     

Defending the organisation,not the members: Unions and the reform of job security legislation in Western Europe

European labour markets are often described as rigid with comparatively high levels of job protection that do not allow for the flexible adjustment of employment to economic fluctuations. This interpretation overlooks important sources of flexibility, however. Research has shown that recent labour market policy reforms have allowed for the creation of two‐tier labour markets consisting of insiders in standard employment relationships and outsiders in non‐standard employment. This outcome has typically been explained by pointing to the representational interests of unions or social‐democratic parties. It has been argued that rather than protecting all labour market participants, unions and social‐democratic parties focus on the interests of their members and their core constituency, respectively, most of whom are in standard employment relationships. In contrast, it is argued here that unions' institutional power resources are the crucial variable explaining this outcome. In difficult economic times, when unions are asked to make concessions, they will assent to labour market reforms, but only to those that do not fundamentally threaten to undermine their organisational interests. In the context of job security legislation, this means that unions defend the protection of permanent contracts while they compromise on the regulation of temporary employment. This ‘second best solution’ allows them to protect their organisational interests, both by retaining their institutional role in the administration of dismissals and by living up to their institutional role as one of the organisations responsible for the direction of labour market policy reform. Using fsQCA this article shows that unions' institutional power resources are more apt to explain the observed two‐tier reform pattern than the unions' or the social‐democratic parties' representational interests.     

论我国环境公益民事诉讼的原告范围——基于我国《民事诉讼法》第55条的分析

原告范围的确定是环境公益民事诉讼制度设计中最为核心的问题。根据《民事诉讼法》第55条,法律规定的机关和有关组织可以提起环境公益民事诉讼。该条规定存在着立法体例不科学、列举不恰当及用语不明晰之弊端。由于短期内不可能再次对《民事诉讼法》进行修改,故在《环境保护法》修正案中作出相应的规定,并以司法解释明确"机关"、"有关组织"及"环境公共利益"的概念,将是可行的选择。     

我国行政立法程序的现状及其完善

程序对于行政立法而言至关重要,我国当前行政立法的程序包括准备、起草、听证、审查审议、公告等阶段。我国行政立法程序仍然存在规定不够具体,实践中不少环节多是按照行政行为的内部程序来操作等问题。为此,应对之加以完善:一是建立立法项目的必要性分析制度;二是完善立法听证程序;三是在审议阶段建立行政立法责任制度。     

政府绩效立法分析:以美国《政府绩效与结果法案》为例

随着绩效管理在政府部门的应用和重视 ,绩效立法也逐渐被关注。美国率先于 1993年颁布了《政府绩效与结果法案》(GPRA) ,以立法形式规范了政府绩效的相关活动。GPRA颁布至今已有 11年 ,绩效管理制度逐渐深入到政府日常工作当中 ,提高了政府部门绩效管理意识。但由于其内部复杂的管理、绩效数据收集存在很大困难、对政府部门项目评估的困难、实施过程受政治因素影响甚大、评估主体单一等原因 ,该法案实施出现了诸多问题 ,对这些经验教训的总结能为我国未来政府绩效立法提供借鉴。     

传统的"礼"与近代的"法"——由《暂行新刑律》评北洋政府刑事立法

北洋政府统治时期是中国法制近代化的又一个阶段,以《暂行新刑律》为代表的刑法典即为当时刑事立法走向近代化过程的缩影.《暂行新刑律》的修订过程中,既有近代的法制原则与制度被进一步的吸收和确立,又有传统的封建礼教纲常的恢复与强化,传统的"礼"与近代的"法"在刑事立法中的交替与反复刻画出北洋时期乃至整个近代中国刑事立法发展的一个基本脉络.     

对社区矫正立法的思考和建议

社区矫正工作作为一种顺应刑罚发展历史潮流的刑罚执行方式,在惩罚和改造罪犯,预防和减少犯罪,促进社会和谐稳定等方面起到了重要作用,但是至今没有专门的立法。笔者从社区矫正立法的必要性和立法要解决的主要问题以及立法的实现途径、步骤三个方面作了简要论述,旨在对我国的社区矫正立法有所帮助。