Auf drei Jahre befristeter Mietvertrag – Anhebung des Mietzinses durch Gerichtsvergleich

Der zehnfache Wert der Jahresleistung bildet auch dann die Bemessungsgrundlage für eine Erg?nzungspauschalgebühr, wenn zu einem auf bestimmte Zeit (drei Jahre) abgeschlossenen Mietvertrag im Gerichtsvergleich vereinbart wird, dass dieser mit folgender ?nderung aufrecht bleibt. "Die Kl?gerin wird ab … einen Mietzins in H?he von … entrichten."     

Unzulässige Klauseln in Bauträgerverträgen

Die Pflicht zur gesetzeskonformen, ausgewogenen Interessenwahrung in Bautr?gervertr?gen wird bei der Gestaltung der vom Bautr?ger verwendeten Vertragsformbl?tter oftmals verletzt. Konsumentenschutzorganisationen haben diese Praxis kritisiert und die Verwendung gesetzeskonformer Klauseln verlangt. Trotz der vielfach gerechtfertigten Kritik darf die Forderung nach Konsumentenschutz nicht dazu führen, dass es für den Bautr?ger unm?glich wird, die in der Natur des Bautr?gergesch?ftes liegenden grundlegenden Gestaltungs- und Abwicklungskriterien im zul?ssigen Rahmen anzuwenden.     

Abwehr allgemeiner Gefahren für die öffentliche Sicherheit von einem Wohnhaus (Felssturz)

Der Schutz vor einer Gefahr, die das ?ffentliche Gemeinschaftsleben st?rt, aber keinem bestimmten Verwaltungszweig zugeh?rt (hier: Schutz eines Wohnhauses vor einem sich aus einer Felswand von einem darüber liegenden Hanggrundstück l?senden Felsbrocken), f?llt unter den Voraussetzungen des Art 118 Abs 6 B-VG in die Zust?ndigkeit der Gemeinde (eigener Wirkungsbereich). Der Bürgermeister darf (nach § 47 Abs 1 stmk GemO) zur Gefahrenabwehr unaufschiebbare "Verfügungen" treffen. Dazu kann er Dritte verpflichten, zur Gefahrenabwehr unerl?ssliche Eingriffe zu dulden, nicht aber dazu, vertretbare Leistungen (zB die unverzügliche Errichtung eines Fangzaunes) selbst – auf deren eigene Kosten – zu erbringen.     

清肾颗粒对肾纤维化大鼠P-selectin/PSGL-1的干预作用

目的 观察清肾颗粒对5/6肾切除肾纤维化模型大鼠肾组织P-选择素（P-selectin）/ P-选择素糖蛋白配体-1（P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1,PSGL-1）表达的影响及其抗肾纤维化的作用机制。方法 将72只雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常组,模型组,清肾颗粒高、中、低剂量组,氯沙坦组,每组12只;除正常组外,剩余60只大鼠均按手术方法制备5/6肾切除肾纤维化模型,各组动物均从模型复制1周后开始灌胃给药,清肾颗粒各剂量组和氯沙坦组分别予以一定比例的清肾颗粒和氯沙坦水溶液灌胃,模型组和正常组均以等比例温水灌服。12周后处死大鼠,取残余肾组织用于检测P-selectin/PSGL-1蛋白及其mRNA的表达水平。结果 与正常组比较,模型组P-selectin、PSGL-1蛋白及其mRNA相对表达水平明显升高,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;与模型组比较,清肾颗粒各剂量组和氯沙坦组P-selectin、PSGL-1蛋白及其mRNA表达水平降低,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;与氯沙坦组比较,清肾颗粒高剂量组P-selectin、PSGL-1蛋白及其mRNA表达水平降低,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;清肾颗粒各组之间比较,清肾颗粒高剂量组P-selectin、PSGL-1蛋白及其mRNA表达水平最低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 清肾颗粒能够降低5/6肾切除大鼠肾组织P-selectin及PSGL-1的表达,这可能是其抗肾纤维化的机制之一。     

Agriculture in Shifting Climates: The Configuration and Ripeness of Problem Understandings in Uganda and Senegal

The international community has advocated the adoption of climate‐smart agriculture (CSA) as lower‐income countries deal with the negative consequences of climate change. Scaling up such policies, practices, and programs successfully will require support from a variety of local stakeholders. Such support requires alignment between CSA solutions and the problem understandings of stakeholders. However, problem understandings can differ across individuals, stakeholder groups, and geographic areas. Consequently, we examine understandings of climate problems and socioeconomic and infrastructure problems related to agriculture among different stakeholder groups in Uganda and Senegal. We operationalized and measured these problem understandings following the detailed guidance of the political will and public will approach for analyzing social change. Semistructured interviews elicited stakeholder‐generated lists of problems for each group. Limited quantification of problem understandings and their relative importance or “ripeness” demonstrates how contexts might shape opportunities for CSA.     

Agenda‐Setting at the Energy‐Water Nexus: Constructing and Maintaining a Policy Monopoly in U.S. Hydraulic Fracturing Regulation

Despite calls to increase federal oversight of hydraulic fracturing (HF), the U.S. Congress has maintained a regulatory system in which environmental regulatory authority is devolved to the states. We argue that this system is characterized by a long‐standing “policy monopoly”: a form of stability in policy agenda‐setting in which a specific manner of framing and regulating a policy issue becomes hegemonic. Integrating theories on agenda‐setting and environmental discourse analysis, we develop a nuanced conceptualization of policy monopoly that emphasizes the significance of regulatory history, public perceptions, industry–government relations, and environmental “storylines.” We evaluate how a policy monopoly in U.S. HF regulation has been constructed and maintained through a historical analysis of oil and gas regulation and a discourse analysis of eleven select congressional energy committee hearings. This research extends scholarship on agenda‐setting by better illuminating the importance of political economic and geographic factors shaping regulatory agendas and outcomes.     

The Role of Scientific Excellence in the Changing Meaning of Maize in Mexico

Making policy is giving a meaning to objects. This perspective on policy making gained importance in the 1990s with the emergence of discursive approaches. In this article, we use the concepts of Hajer's discourse coalition approach to shed light on the evolving meaning of maize in Mexican society. Specifically, we trace a parallel between the evolution of biotechnology policy and discourses on maize over a 25‐year period. The article argues that until recently, the protection against biotechnological manipulations enjoyed by maize has been bolstered by a discourse granting the plant a special status in the country's history. However, the emergence of a new discourse grounded on the practice of scientific excellence is now challenging the old perspectives, and also finding support among government officials. As a result, the Mexican policies granting maize special protection is changing, and this policy change will likely trigger changes in the symbolic meaning of maize.     

Holding Back the Storm: Target Populations and State Climate Adaptation Planning in America

This paper investigates the landscape of state‐level adaptation planning in the United States. We answer three primary research questions: First, how are states planning for climate change? Second, who are states targeting for climate adaptation? Third, what tools are states using to motivate climate adaptation efforts? We develop and implement a coding scheme using Schneider and Ingram’s Social Construction Framework (SCF) to characterize variation in 2033 individual adaptation goals mentioned in all 14 American states with explicit adaptation plans. We use these data to understand the types of tools used to motivate different actors (governmental, private, nonprofit) to adapt to climate change. We find that the most frequent target of state adaptation planning is the state itself, which provides an opportunity to extend the SCF to a target group often not mentioned in public policy. Specifically, we find that states target themselves with mandates or tools designed to acquire information. Other stakeholders in adaptation are more likely to be the targets of capacity building tools. Private actors are the only population more likely to be targeted by incentives. The project expands the Social Construction Framework to include targets and tools of planning efforts. Practically, our article offers a methodology by which to compare the vastly heterogeneous efforts to adapt to climate change at the subnational level.