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844.
Marian Dhler 《European Policy Analysis》2019,5(2):210-231
Ever since German Rail, the largest state‐owned enterprise in Germany, was converted into a stock company in 1994, the federal government has been criticized for a lack of policy ambitions. From a principal–agent perspective, the federal government gives the impression of being a reluctant principal. The first objective is therefore to explain the strategic interaction between the federal government and German Rail since the 1990s. The second aim is to increase the explanatory power of the principal–agent concept by adopting a strand of literature in which the principal's unilateralism and diverging preferences—standard assumptions in the principal–agent literature—are complemented by strategic cooperation, confluence, and inverted principal–agent interactions. This conceptual redirection, which considers the impact of a broader range of actors involved, not only explains key events in German rail policy but also highlights the advances of an elaborated principal–agent concept. 相似文献
845.
John Hogan 《European Policy Analysis》2019,5(2):170-189
This article examines the evolution of our understanding of the critical junctures concept. The concept finds its origins in historical intuitionalism, being employed in the context of path dependence to account for sudden and jarring institutional or policy changes. We argue that the concept and the literature surrounding it—now incorporating ideas, discourse, and agency—have gradually become more comprehensive and nuanced as historical institutionalism was followed by ideational historical institutionalism and constructivist and discursive institutionalism. The prime position of contingency has been supplanted by the role of ideas and agency in explaining critical junctures and other instances of less than transformative change. Consequently, the concept is now capable of providing more comprehensive explanations for policy change. 相似文献
846.
We investigate the measurement of three distinct, but related dimensions of electoral competition in a majoritarian electoral system: contestability in the struggle for governing power; competition among candidates at the constituency level; and competition among existing parties at the level of the legislature. At each step, the analysis is made concrete by calculating our preferred indexes of these dimensions of competitiveness for 14 major Indian states from 1972 to 2009 (and from 1952 in some cases), while comparing them to others that have been widely used, though not always calculated for Indian states. We also use our preferred indexes to study the importance of the level of development for an understanding of how competition has evolved across the states. The paper concludes by posing questions about the measurement of competitiveness, in general and in the Indian case, that arise in the course of our investigation. 相似文献
847.
《Asian Politics & Policy》2018,10(1):56-72
China's five‐yearly governmental restructuring has always taken place in lockstep with the Communist Party of China National Congress. Moreover, the theme of every administrative reform in the past three decades has complied with that of theoretical research by foreign scholars during the same period. The Chinese government draws lessons from theories of foreign public administration to explore ways to reform its practices. By means of evaluating the gains and losses of the Chinese government in the abovementioned process, this article points out that theories of Western public administration meet local challenges while contributing to China's reform practices. Through their analyses, we use China's practices as examples to highlight the balance between local concerns and global views and to suggest how scholars can better advise governments in the process of administrative reforms in other developing countries. 相似文献
848.
研究建立了禽流感病毒(AIV)A型、H5、N1、H9、N2亚型特异性RT-PCR及H5/N1、H9/N2、A/H5/N1多重RT-PCR检测技术,用于检测或同时检测和鉴别A型及H5N1、H9N2亚型AIV。所建立的RT-PCR和多重RT-PCR从核酸提取、基因扩增到产物分析在3~4h内即可完成,经对36株AIV及相关病毒分离物检测,与病毒分离鉴定的结果完全一致,且与相关病毒或其他亚型无交叉反应。采用多重RT-PCR检测80份棉拭子样品,并与病毒分离鉴定方法比较,二者H5N1、H9N2亚型的鉴定结果完全吻合。结果表明,该方法具有快速、敏感、特异等优点,为临诊样品中AIV型及H5N1、H9N2亚型鉴定和诊断的有效方法。 相似文献
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Burgstaller 《Juristische Bl?tter》2007,129(4):264-265
Jeder Beschluss eines Oberlandesgerichtes über die Fortsetzung der Untersuchungshaft muss einerseits mit Bestimmtheit angeben,
welcher – in Hinsicht auf die mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit als begründet angesehenen strafbaren Handlungen rechtlich als entscheidend
beurteilte – Sachverhalt angenommen wurde, und muss andererseits klarstellen, auf welchen ganz bestimmten Tatumst?nden (Beweisergebnissen)
diese Sachverhaltsannahmen ruhen. Geschieht dies nicht, liegt eine Grundrechtsverletzung vor. 相似文献