Hyperspectral imaging in forensic science: An overview of major application areas

Analysis of evidence is a challenge. Crime scene materials are complex, diverse, sometimes of an unknown nature. Forensic science provides the most critical applications for their examination. Chemical tests, analytical methods, and techniques to process the evidence must be carefully selected by the forensic scientist. Ideally, it may be interpreted, analyzed, and judged in the original context of the crime scene. In this sense, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has been employed as an analytical tool that maintains the integrity of the samples/objects for multiple and sequential analysis and for counter-proof exams. This paper is an overview of forensic science trends for the application of HSI techniques in the last ten years (2011–2021). The examination of documents was the main area of exploration, followed by bloodstain analysis aging process; trace analysis of explosives and gunshot residue. Chemometric tools were also addressed since they are crucial to obtain the most important information from the samples. There are great challenges in applying HSI in forensic science, but there have been clear technological and scientific advances, and a solid foundation has been built for the use of HSI in real-life cases.     

精神视界的开发与“点”的深入——谈“中国当代文学”的教学

本文探讨大学中文专业基础课＂中国当代文学＂教学中的精神追求与方法特征。文章强调挖掘中国当代文学发展历程所蕴涵着的丰富精神内涵、突出它与源远流长的世界文学和中国古代文学之间的深度关联,并阐述了教学过程中的＂问题意识＂和情感体验在文学教育中的重要性,反对平面化单一性的知识介绍。     

An examination of the sequence of intersecting lines using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectral imaging

In this study, the potential of attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectral imaging as a technique to determine the sequence of line crossings was examined. The technique was successful in determining the sequence of heterogeneous line intersections produced using ballpoint pens and laser printers. By imaging at characteristic frequencies, it was possible to form spectral images showing the spatial distribution of the materials. By examining the spectral images from the inks, it was possible to determine whether the ink was above or below the toner. In blind testing, ATR-FTIR spectral imaging results were directly compared to those obtained by eight experienced forensic document examiners using methods regularly employed in casework. ATR-FTIR spectral imaging was shown to achieve a 100% success rate in the blind tests, whereas some incorrect sequence determinations were made by the forensic document examiners when using traditional techniques. The technique was unable to image ink-jet printing, gel pens, roller ball pens, and felt-tip pens, and was also unable to determine the sequence of intersecting ballpoint pen lines.     

1H‐NMR with Multivariate Analysis for Automobile Lubricant Comparison

Identification of suspected automobile‐related lubricants could provide valuable information in forensic cases. We examined that automobile lubricants might exhibit the chemometric characteristics to their individual usages. To compare the degree of clustering in the plots, we co‐plotted general industrial oils that were highly dissimilar with automobile lubricants in additive compositions. ¹H‐NMR spectroscopy was used with multivariate statistics as a tool for grouping, clustering, and identification of automobile lubricants in laboratory conditions. We analyzed automobile lubricants including automobile engine oils, automobile transmission oils, automobile gear oils, and motorcycle oils. In contrast to the general industrial oils, automobile lubricants showed relatively high tendencies of clustering to their usages. Our pilot study demonstrated that the comparison of known and questioned samples to their usages might be possible in forensic fields.     

重建耻骨联合三维结构用于活体年龄推断的技术方法

目的建立基于MRI成像的快速耻骨联合三维结构重建技术方法。方法利用3.0 T超导磁共振仪对成年男性志愿者骨盆进行T1小角度快速激发3D梯度回波序列扫描,进行二值化阈值分割、区域增长提取骨盆软组织图像;运算获得耻骨联合三维结构模型雏形,经逆向工程软件降噪处理建立耻骨联合三维结构模型,并与耻骨CT扫描三维结构重建模型进行比较。结果耻骨联合面沟嵴、下端、腹侧缘(斜面)、背侧缘(斜面)、耻骨结节等结构显示完整,无明显噪点,与CT扫描三维重建模型吻合较好。结论 MRI扫描成像可实现快速有效的耻骨联合三维结构重建,可为法医活体年龄推断提供安全无辐射作用的三维可视化影像学技术方法。     

Thyroid Cartilage Ossification and Multislice Computed Tomography Examination: A Useful Tool for Age Assessment?

Abstract: Many authors have studied the thyroid cartilage ossification process using radiographic features for age estimation of individuals. Their results were various: Sugiyama reported excellent correlation coefficients between ossification rates and civil age, unlike most other authors. We hypothesized that recent advances in imaging techniques would enable more precise evaluation of the ossification of the thyroid cartilage. We retrospectively analyzed the CT scans of 312 French patients using postprocessing software to examine the pattern of thyroid cartilage ossification, calculating the ossified volume of the cartilage on 3D reconstructions. Pearson’s correlation coefficients for volume were 0.73 for men and 0.75 for women (standard error 18.02 and 17.06), indicating considerable inter‐individual variability. Although a correlation between civil age and morphological changes was found, these methods based on thyroid cartilage ossification were not accurate enough for the assessment of individual age.     

DNA数据库建设中批量样本直接扩增检验法的应用

目的研究批量样本直接扩增法在DNA数据库建设中的应用。方法打孔机打取血滤纸600份,剪取芝麻大小的口腔拭子300份,放入96孔扩增板,加入扩增试剂后直接扩增,并对其中200份血滤纸用磁珠法,100份口腔拭子用96孔板Chelex-100法,经DNA提取后扩增检验进行比较。结果血滤纸采用直接扩增法及磁珠法STR检测成功率均为100%;口腔拭子采用直接扩增法的成功率为95%,采用96孔板Chelex-100法的成功率为94%。结论血滤纸和口腔拭子通过直接扩增均能获得很好的DNA分型结果,该方法省时省力,可用于DNA数据库建设。     

论虚拟解剖

“开放式”解剖是法医学死亡调查中的传统手段。随着科技进步和技术发展,现在的断层扫描影像学技术已经可以部分甚至全部取代传统的解剖技术。计算机断层扫描成像技术可以提供个体的损伤或死后变化的二维或三维影像信息．可以充分而客观地反映如骨折、气体检塞、皮下气肿、气压损伤、腐败改变及器官损伤等。这些反映个体损伤或者死后变化的计算机断层扫描成像技术可以为司法实践提供直观、有力的法医学证据。而另一种影像学技术．核磁共振成像技术在探查软组织损伤、器官损伤及非外伤性损伤等方面具有独特优势。但是,如何辨别生前和死后骨折形态的差异,如何调整生前死后变化的信号检查强度等方面。一直没有系统地研究报道。本文将综述有关计算机断层扫描和磁共振成像技术在法医解剖方面的应用,引入“虚拟解剖”的概念．系统地介绍这种独立、客观和微创的新型解剖方式．并对其在法医学死亡调查中产生的影响做出前瞻性预测。可以预见,在今后大量、广泛的法医死亡调查中．“虚拟解剖”将成为一种普遍应用的损伤和死亡的分析鉴定方式。     

手法联合盐酸氨基葡萄糖治疗膝骨关节炎临床观察

目的 基于红外热成像技术评价手法治疗膝骨关节炎(knee osteoarthritis,KOA)的临床疗效,探讨手法作用机制,形成手法治疗KOA规范化诊疗评估方案。方法 通过简单随机方法将40例KOA患者分为对照组和治疗组,每组20例（治疗组和对照组分别被剔除1例和2例）。治疗组采用手法治疗联合盐酸氨基葡萄糖胶囊口服,对照组采用自我按摩联合盐酸氨基葡萄糖胶囊口服。治疗2周后,以膝关节区域温度、督脉温度、视觉模拟量表（visual analogue scale, VAS）评分、西安大略和麦克马斯特大学骨关节炎指数（the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index,WOMAC）、连续5次坐立时间、15 m直线连续行走时间为指标,评价两组疗效。结果 两组治疗后VAS评分均显著降低（P＜0.05）;治疗组治疗前后VAS评分差值显著大于对照组（P＜0.05）。两组治疗后WOMAC的疼痛、僵硬、生活功能评分和总分显著降低（P＜0.05）;其中治疗组治疗前后WOMAC总分和僵硬评分差值显著大于对照组（P＜0.05）。两组治疗后连续5次坐立时间、15 m直线连续行走时间均显著降低（P＜0.05);治疗组治疗后连续5次坐立时间、15 m直线连续行走时间降低值显著大于对照组（P＜0.05）。两组治疗后膝关节区域温度显著降低（P＜0.05）,督脉区域温度显著升高(P＜0.05);治疗组治疗后膝关节区域温度降低值和督脉区域温度升高值显著大于对照组（P＜0.05)。两组基于WOMAC总分的临床疗效比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,治疗组临床疗效明显优于对照组。结论 中医手法治疗可减轻KOA患者膝关节疼痛、僵硬症状,改善日常生活功能,疗效优于自我按摩。     

针刺对睡眠剥夺受试者面部红外热成像的影响

目的 观察针刺对睡眠剥夺受试者面部新陈代谢热的影响。方法 将64例健康青年受试者随机分为4组：正常睡眠组（A组）、睡眠剥夺组（B组）、睡眠剥夺与小醒脑开窍针法配合申脉、照海穴针刺治疗组（C组）和睡眠剥夺与非经非穴针刺治疗组（D组）。A组保持正常睡眠状态,对B、C、D组同时进行24 h睡眠剥夺,次日应用红外热成像技术检测4组受试者面部热值,及观察C、D组针刺治疗后面部热值的变化。结果 红外热成像图显示,A组面部呈温热状态,B、C、D组面部呈高热状态。A组热值显著低于B组、C组和D组（P<0.05）。B、C、D 3组热值多重比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。C、D组针刺治疗后面部热值均较治疗前显著下降（P<0.05）,但C组治疗后面部热值降低值显著大于D组（P<0.05）。结论 睡眠剥夺可导致面部热值升高,小醒脑开窍针法配合申脉、照海穴针刺能够降低睡眠剥夺者面部较高热值,且疗效优于非经非穴针法。