An innovative transfer DNA experimental design and qPCR assay: Protocol and pilot study

Forensic “touch” DNA samples are low-quantity samples that are recovered from surfaces that have been touched by single or multiple individuals. These samples can include DNA from primary contributors who directly touched the surface, as well as secondary contributors whose DNA was transferred to the surface through an intermediary. It is difficult to determine the type of transfer, or how often and under what conditions DNA transfer occurs. In this paper, we present an innovative protocol that combines (1) a paired male and female transfer DNA experimental design in which the presence of male DNA indicates secondary transfer and (2) a cost-effective quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay of a sex-specific region in the Amelogenin gene to detect male and female DNA. We evaluate the ability of the Amelogenin qPCR assay to detect low concentrations of male and female DNA in mixed samples. We also test experimental DNA samples using our transfer DNA protocol to differentiate primary and secondary DNA transfer. Male DNA was detected in the majority of known mixed samples, even in samples with 4× more female DNA—this result demonstrates the ability to detect low concentrations of male DNA and the presence of secondary transfer DNA in our experimental design. Primary DNA transfer was detected in 100% of our experimental trials and secondary DNA transfer was detected in 37.5% of trials. Our innovative protocol mimics realistic case scenarios to establish rates of primary and secondary DNA transfer in an inexpensive and simplified manner.     

论中国广告中女性形象问题

中国女性在历史发展进程中呈现出不同的形象,这启发我们对当前中国女性形象进行反思.从广告这个视角来看,当前中国社会对女性形象传播存在误区,带来一些社会负面影响.所以树立人本广告观念,塑造具有双性人格的女性广告形象,是符合社会发展进程要求的.     

论婚姻与爱情及其关系

婚姻是一种社会制度,是客观的东西,具有理性、规定性、公开性、稳定性、特别是唯一性等特点;爱情是男女之间的一种心理感受,属于主观的范畴,具有感性、随意性、隐私性、易变性、尤其是多样性等特点.爱情是两性生活的一项重要内容,婚姻是两性关系的一种主要形式;爱情可以超越婚姻,婚姻不能左右爱情.婚姻与爱情的关系决定了一个社会及其成员应该始终围绕经济、政治、文化的发展状况这个基本前提,制定符合客观实际的婚姻规范.     

宋代女户的特点

女户是由妇女担任户主的民户。宋代女户具有以下特点:首先,宋代女户家庭中可以存在男性成员;其次,宋代女户消融于其他社会群体的趋势进一步加强;最后,宋代是女户相对自由的发展时代。     

睾丸损伤的法医学鉴定

本文结合5例睾丸损伤检验鉴定，论述了睾丸损伤对阴茎勃起功能及生殖能力的影响，并对睾丸损伤法医学鉴定的若干问题进行了讨论。     

Gender attitudes and the police in Bosnia and Herzegovina: male officers’ attitudes regarding their female counterparts

Utilizing survey data collected from 127 male Bosnian police officers, this study examines the impact attitudes toward women, individual characteristics, and work experiences have on officers’ perceptions of their female colleagues. It is hypothesized that officers who hold more traditional, patriarchal attitudes toward women will view females as incapable of effectively carrying out police work, regardless of their own work experiences, or demographic characteristics. Results suggest that a majority of Bosnian policemen believe that women are equally as effective as men in all aspects of policing, however, many still cling to stereotypical views of policing and continue to view female officers negatively.     

论男性贞操权的刑法保护

贞操权是指性纯洁的操守不为他人非法侵犯的权利 ,不独女性享有贞操权 ,男性同样也应当享有贞操权。随着社会的发展 ,男性的贞操权也可能受到不同形式的侵犯 ,我国刑法应当与时俱进并借鉴国外刑法的相关规定 ,将严重侵犯男性贞操权的行为规定为犯罪。     

那一盆泡了两千年的洗澡水——"苏珊娜与长老"或裸女沐浴的原型及演变

"苏珊娜与长老"是西方裸体画中被反复表现过的一个题材,本文通过分析其中几个基本元素:沐浴、裸女与偷窥,考察这些元素背后的男权文化意识.文章强调的是,观看传统中把妇女定位于被看者、置于男性凝视的主控操纵,强化了男性权力,剥夺了女性的主体性.而女性艺术家的另类表达,可以看作是对这个传统的抗争.反思视觉艺术的传统,挑战其权威,目的是使妇女的身体和性别在艺术中拥有一个新的位置,这不仅是一个艺术问题,而且是整个社会和文化需要解决的问题.     

论男性在实现男女平等中的重要作用

一般认为,实现男女平等主要依靠女性的力量,男性只是旁观者。实际上,男性也是传统性别文化的受害者,有着改变“男强女弱”传统观念的强烈愿望,因此,完全有可能成为实现男女平等的同盟军。历史上男女双方曾有过成功的合作经历,而第二次合作的条件也逐渐具备。     

强奸罪立法的反思与重构

传统的强奸罪只将犯罪对象限定为女性,由于时代的不断发展,在强奸犯罪的领域出现了女性强奸等各种不同的新情况,而我国强奸罪的现行立法面对这些新情况则没有回应。本文通过对强奸罪的女性主体、男性犯罪对象、婚内强奸以及强奸罪的"自诉"化等问题进行探讨,指出:女性可以成为强奸罪的主体;强奸罪的犯罪对象也可以是男性;对未成年人应特别保护;强奸罪的一些情况可以纳入"自诉"案件的范围。