论国际经济制裁对海上保险的影响——以伊朗制裁为例

国际经济制裁是国际社会为实现特定的政治目的而针对特定对象施加的直接或间接限制或禁止其经济活动、资产利益的强制措施.联合国、欧盟、美国均对伊朗实施了经济制裁,涉及贸易、航运领域,相关制裁规则的制定及执行在理论和实践层面对海上保险的提供、理赔等环节均产生了诸多障碍.中国也不可避免地受到了国际经济制裁的影响,欲维持国家能源和经济安全,中国可在制裁规则的框架内或突破制裁规则予以应对.     

“治疗可能性”要件:遵从抑或摒弃?

精神病人的强制医疗一般以患有精神疾病且对本人或他人具有危险性为条件,"治疗可能性"是否应作为强制医疗的条件,理论和实践均存在较大的分歧。出于公共秩序之维护,摈弃"治疗可能性"要件呼声的日渐高涨,但基于精神病人权利之保护仍有必要将"治疗可能性"作为强制医疗的要件,而对于无治疗可能、具有危险性的精神病人应通过其他社会控制机制予以解决,而不应纳入强制医疗的范围。     

Personal vote‐seeking in flexible list systems: How electoral incentives shape Belgian MPs' bill initiation behaviour

It is well known that different types of electoral systems create different incentives to cultivate a personal vote and that there may be variation in intra‐party competition within an electoral system. This article demonstrates that flexible list systems – where voters can choose to cast a vote for the list as ordered by the party or express preference votes for candidates – create another type of variation in personal vote‐seeking incentives within the system. This variation arises because the flexibility of party‐in‐a‐district lists results from voters' actual inclination to use preference votes and the formal weight of preference votes in changing the original list order. Hypotheses are tested which are linked to this logic for the case of Belgium, where party‐in‐a‐district constituencies vary in their use of preference votes and the electoral reform of 2001 adds interesting institutional variation in the formal impact of preference votes on intra‐party seat allocation. Since formal rules grant Belgian MPs considerable leeway in terms of bill initiation, personal vote‐seeking strategies are inferred by examining the use of legislative activity as signalling tool in the period between 1999 and 2007. The results establish that personal vote‐seeking incentives vary with the extent to which voters use preference votes and that this variable interacts with the weight of preference votes as defined by institutional rules. In addition, the article confirms the effect of intra‐party competition on personal vote‐seeking incentives and illustrates that such incentives can underlie the initiation of private members bills in a European parliamentary system.     

Analysis of enamel rod end patterns on tooth surface for personal identification--ameloglyphics

Ameloglyphics is the study of enamel rod end patterns on a tooth surface. Our aim was to study the in vivo analysis of enamel rod end patterns on tooth surfaces for personal identification. In this study, the maxillary left canine and 1st premolar of 30 men and 30 women were included. The cellulose acetate peel technique was used to record enamel rod endings on tooth surfaces. Photomicrographs of the acetate peel imprint were subjected to VeriFinger Standard SDK v5.0 software for obtaining enamel rod end patterns. All 120 enamel rod end patterns were subjected to visual analysis and biometric analysis. Biometric analysis revealed that the enamel rod end pattern is unique for each tooth in an individual. It shows both intra- and interindividual variation. Enamel rod end patterns were unique between the male and female subjects. Visual analysis showed that wavy branched subpattern was the predominant subpattern observed among examined teeth. Hence, ameloglyphics is a reliable technique for personal identification.     

Personal identification by the comparison of facial profiles: testing the reliability of a high-resolution 3D-2D comparison model

Identification from video surveillance systems is frequently requested in forensic practice. The "3D-2D" comparison has proven to be reliable in assessing identification but still requires standardization; this study concerns the validation of the 3D-2D profile comparison. The 3D models of the faces of five individuals were compared with photographs from the same subjects as well as from another 45 individuals. The difference in area and distance between maxima (glabella, tip of nose, fore point of upper and lower lips, pogonion) and minima points (selion, subnasale, stomion, suprapogonion) were measured. The highest difference in area between the 3D model and the 2D image was between 43 and 133 mm(2) in the five matches, always greater than 157 mm(2) in mismatches; the mean distance between the points was greater than 1.96 mm in mismatches, <1.9 mm in five matches (p < 0.05). These results indicate that this difference in areas may point toward a manner of distinguishing "correct" from "incorrect" matches.     

Population displacement in the baltic region in the twentieth century: from ‘refugee studies’ to refugee history

This article explores how Baltic migration, and particularly the experience of forced migration, relates to broader comparative and methodological issues and debates in the emerging field of refugee history. Attention is given to the impact of two world wars and their aftermath in the Baltic, with particular emphasis on the ways in which refugees from the Baltic and elsewhere have related their experiences. The article concludes by drawing attention to the multiple readings of population displacement that historians need to entertain.     

民间高利贷的泛刑法分析

近年来,民间高利贷被作为非法经营罪追究刑事责任的判例频频出现。究其原由,源于中国人民银行办公厅与最高人民法院刑事审判第二庭就武汉的涂汉江案所为的两个复函。然而,这两个复函关于民间高利贷属于国务院《非法金融机构和非法金融业务活动取缔办法》所列非法金融行为的解释均属无权解释,因此,有关民间高利贷构成非法经营罪的所有判例,均无法律依据。事实上,在现有法律框架下,民间高利贷因不违反任何法律与行政法规而不具有构成非法经营罪的非法性要件。同时,民间高利贷虽有伴生犯罪之弊,但其更有产生的必然性,也有存在的合理性,因此,对其也不应通过修改刑法而将其入罪。     

我国个人所得税改革历程和目标设想

个人所得税作为现行税制中唯一能通过累进税制实现纵向公平的税种,在调节收入分配、缩小贫富差距的政策选择中被寄予厚望,成为当下中国社会普遍关注的焦点。我国的个人所得税制度自1980年随着第一部《个人所得税法》的颁布而正式确立以来,经历了不断调整完善的改革过程。现行的个人所得税制度符合当前我国经济社会发展的实际,对调节收入分配、改善民众福利、促进经济发展有积极的作用。但与社会转型相适应,个人所得税依然面临着改革的压力。兼顾公平和效率、兼顾经济规律与社会文化、兼顾流量与存量的职能调节、兼顾短期与长期调节是改革的原则,为此,需要加强对高收入群体的管理,增加个人所得税管理的透明度,建立居民个人信息共享系统和个人所得税信息化管理平台,建立综合与分类相结合的制度体系直至建立完全意义上的综合个人所得税征收模式,配套完善自然人税收制度和管理,完善税制设计。     

渤海溢油事故海洋生态损害赔偿法律问题研究

2011年我国渤海溢油事故引起了社会的强烈关注,尤其对我国海洋环境保护相关法律提出了挑战。在对渤海溢油事故所涉及的"海洋生态损害"的概念界定、责任主体与索赔主体、赔偿范围、索赔额度及评估标准等法律问题进行分析后,还将揭示该溢油事故对我国海洋生态损害赔偿制度的几点启示。     

流调与追踪中的数据法律保护

疫情中流调与追踪的数据保护面临着数据隐私权保护的全新威胁,数据收集、处理合法性原则的挑战以及数据保护制度不完善的规制障碍等困境和挑战。由于传统权利理论的供给不足和缺少共识性的价值衡量尺度以及数据保护的规制方式不完善等原因导致了流调与追踪中的数据保护面临难题。通过确保数据权利保护和数据流动的平衡、完善数据权利保护的法律体系、构筑有效的外部执法机制、构建自主可控的数据保护新路径使得流调与追踪中收集的数据在保护数据权利的前提和基础上,以便数据能够流通和分享,为疫情防控发挥更好的作用。