The new German Data Protection Act and its compatibility with the European Data Protection Directive

A substitution of the right to maintain mailing lists for marketing purposes (the so-called list privilege) by a strict opt-in requirement as proposed by the German Government for the amendment of the German Data Protection Act does not conform with European law. Making the use of relatively innocuous data like name and address for marketing purposes subject to the data subject's declaration of consent infringes upon the requirements of the European Data Protection Directive. The Directive allows for the use of personal data either on the basis of a data subject's declaration of consent or after a balancing of legally protected interests. Reducing this two-track model to a one-track model (based on the data subject's declaration of consent only) does not do justice to the idea of balancing of interests or free movement of goods and services which are a mandatory part of European law. The draft bill interferes drastically with the free movement of goods and services. A tightening of the opt-in requirements would be a severe burden for the German economy because it is impossible for businesses to distribute their goods and services without the help of marketing measures. The economic cycle would be hit at its weakest point, i.e. the link between businesses and consumers which is gaining more and more importance especially with a view to cross-border competition.     

中国交通公安简史

本文全面介绍了中国专门公安机关之一——交通公安机关的历史、设置、管理体制和职权。     

Elite-public interaction on twitter: EU issue expansion in the campaign

Why do some issues receive more interest from the public, while others do not? This paper develops a theoretical and empirical approach that explains the degree to which issues expand from the elite to the public. We examine how candidates in the 2014 European Parliament elections talked about EU issues, in comparison to other political issues. We rely on data collected from Twitter and use a combination of human coding and machine learning to analyse what facilitates interactions from the public. We find that most political actors did not try to engage with the public about EU issues, and lack of engagement results in less interactions from the general public. Our findings contribute to understanding why EU issues still play a secondary role in European politics, but at the same time highlight what low-cost communicational tools might be useful to overcome this expansion deficit.     

抗日战争时期陕甘宁边区政府交际处的统战工作

抗战爆发后,建立抗日民族统一战线成为中国共产党的政治路线和基本策略。围绕这一策略和大局,陕甘宁边区政府交际处工作侧重点迅速发生转变,其职能定位迅速调整,工作人员思想观念艰难转变,他们创造性地开展统战工作,取得了显著成绩,为抗日战争的最后胜利做出了贡献     

精神病住院患者通信自由立法保护探析

众所周知,我国目前尚无统一的精神卫生法,精神病住院患者的权益时常受到忽视,甚至遭到他人侵犯。比如在通信方面,患者在医院往往不能依自己的意愿随时会见、联系他人。而能否自由地通信,无疑关系着每一位住院患者的切身利益。对精神病住院患者通信自由进行立法保护,尽快制定精神卫生法既是依法治国的基本要求,也是我国的现实需要。     

Talk like a man,walk like a woman: an advanced political communication framework for female politicians

One of the most significant developments of the past decade in the political arena has been the integration of women into senior political positions. Previously, there was a common assumption that female politicians wishing to succeed had to adopt the male communication model, both verbally and non-verbally. This study aims to examine the communication patterns of women in the political sphere. Twenty-four speeches by 12 female politicians in senior political positions from five democratic Western countries were analysed. All speeches were delivered in the respective countries’ legislatures, between 2009 and 2012. This study presents a theoretical framework that maps gender accountability structures of verbal and non-verbal communication patterns. The findings delineate an advanced communication model that indicates that female politicians’ communication consists of a combination of feminine non-verbal communication patterns and masculine verbal communicative expressions. The study expands the theoretical and analytical research on female politicians and develops a gender-communication approach to political communication.     

A Facebook post is born: exploring the process of generating MPs’ social media presence

Research on political communication between MPs and the public has focused on the role, activities and perceptions of the members of parliament (MPs) themselves. However, the authors’ prior research demonstrated that in fact social media necessitate a new prism through which to study such communication. The contribution of the present study is to look at this relationship through the heretofore under-researched prism of those who in fact are doing much of the actual communication (at least in Israel): the parliamentary assistants (PAs). Whereas other studies tend to focus on the communicative contents, the present research deals mainly with the behind-the-scenes processes that produce such content.

In this study 26 PAs were interviewed in Israel’s Knesset regarding three central questions: What are the goals of the MPs’ activities on Facebook? What are the key obstacles perceived by the assistants while maintaining MPs’ Facebook presence? What are the main professional dilemmas that PAs run into during their Facebook activity on behalf of MPs? By addressing these questions, the paper contributes to generating a more comprehensive picture of the ways political Facebook posts are born, and of the processes through which MPs’ social media presence is generated.     

Issue Convergence in Presidential Campaigns

This effort seeks to expand our understanding of the supply-side of the campaign process by investigating how candidate competition for agenda control affects occurrences of issue convergence (the discussion of the same issues by competing candidates) in campaigns for the presidency. More specifically, I integrate hypotheses suggested by extant literature into a framework that captures the factors that motivate presidential candidates selection of issues and the factors that affect their decisions to address issues also discussed by their opponents. These hypotheses are tested with duration analysis and data gathered from all available campaign advertisements produced by candidates competing in the 1976 through 1996 presidential elections. The results indicate that occurrences of issue convergences are quite frequent in presidential campaigns and that candidates decisions to address the same issues are affected by an issues saliency and partisan ownership, as well by changes in the campaign environment.     

谈警察规劝性言语的得体性

得体性原则是修辞学重要的原则,也是评判交际言语优劣的最重要标准。警察使用的规劝性言语,是语言的具体使用,属于言语活动的范畴,它是一种特殊的言语交际活动。规劝性言语具有可接受性、向善性和艺术性三个特征,得体的规劝性言语必须遵循四个原则,即:合境原则、言语与交际对象协调原则、礼貌与诚信原则。只有把握了规劝性言语的这些特征和原则,才能较好地完成规劝性言语交际活动。     

建立我国公安卫星移动通信系统的设想

目前我国公安移动通信存在大面积的盲区 ,给公安实际工作带来了很大的困难。要改变这种状况 ,只有建立我国公安卫星移动通信系统。为实现话音、定位通信 ,支持手持机 ,采用中轨卫星移动通信系统或低轨卫星移动通信系统最为合适。