Paying to Be Punished: A Statutory Analysis of Sex Offender Registration Fees

Over the last 20 years, sex offender policies, specifically in terms of community corrections, have increased in scope. One of the most controversial and pervasive sex offender policies is that of registration. In response to the consumption of already limited resources, jurisdictions have imposed increasingly higher community supervision fees onto the offenders, requiring them to pay for their own re-entry. However, to date no research study has examined the statutory language associated with registration fees collected post release from formal community sanctions. Using a statutory analysis within the United States, this research finds and quantifies the imposition of a registration fee on offenders who are legally compelled to pay these registration costs, regardless of whether they are still currently under community supervision. Results show that more than half of U.S. states (n?=?28) incorporate statutory language authorizing registration fees, ranging anywhere from $5 per registration to up to $250 per year. These findings, as well as suggestions for future research and policy recommendations, are discussed.     

Housing Affordability and Health: Evidence From New York City

It is generally understood that households make tradeoffs between housing costs and other living expenses. In this article, we examine the relationship between health-related outcomes and housing-induced financial burdens for renters in one of the most expensive cities in the world, New York, New York. Drawing from the Housing Vacancy Survey for 2011, a representative survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau of more than 16,000 households in New York City, we estimate the effect of housing cost burden on the overall health of renters and the extent to which they have postponed various types of medical services for financial reasons. Results show that higher out-of-pocket rent burdens are associated with worse self-reported health conditions and a higher likelihood to postpone medical services for financial reasons. This relationship is particularly strong for those households with severe rent burdens. In addition, housing cost burden is equally or more important than other physical housing characteristics in explaining the variation in self-reported general health status and health care postponement. These findings are robust across specifications with different degrees of household, unit/building, and neighborhood controls, and among longstanding and newer renters. Our findings point to the importance of considering health-related outcomes when designing housing policies, and that housing subsidies should target both renters' out-of-pocket costs and place-based repair and maintenance.     

应用微视野仪对眼底损伤者进行视敏度的评估

目的探讨眼底损伤者的微视野检测指标与视敏度的相关性,及微视野仪评估视功能的应用价值。方法应用MP-1型微视野仪,对100名眼底损伤者进行视网膜光敏感度、固视稳定性检查,获得黄斑中心2°视网膜平均光敏感度、全视野视网膜平均光敏感度、固视中心2°固视率、固视中心4°固视率等微视野检测指标数值,将其与视敏度进行Spearman相关分析及多元回归分析。结果黄斑中心2°视网膜平均光敏感度、全视野视网膜平均光敏感度、固视中心2°和4°固视率与视敏度均呈正相关,其相关系数分别为0.676、0.693、0.670、0.665（p〈0.05）。散点图显示各微视野指标与视敏度间具有直线相关趋势,由此得出多元线性回归方程为：Y=2.543＋0.043×X2＋0.017×X4（X2全视野视网膜平均光敏感度,X4固视中心4°固视率）。结论微视野检测指标与视敏度之间有良好的正相关性,具有法医学应用价值。     

监狱传统政策目的之检讨——当代监禁思想的理论反思

监狱是人类社会文明的镜子,它既是文明产生的标志,也反映着社会最丑陋的现象。长期以来,监狱承载着一般预防和特殊预防的政策目的,但不断上升的犯罪率和监狱的人满为患促使社会开始反思：监狱能够在多大程度上落实刑事政策目的;监狱面临的现实困境;如何面对、认识和运用监禁刑等等。本文在对监狱所遭受质疑进行全面分析的基础上,对监狱的传统政策目的进行了反思。     

Marriage and power: Age at first marriage and spousal age gap in lesser developed countries

This paper examines age at first marriage for women and spousal age gap as an indicator for female agency from 1950 to 2005. Using a dataset of 77 LDCs this paper seeks to explore which variables determine differences at a country level in marriage patterns. We look at the influence of urbanisation, education, percentage population of Muslim faith, and family type. We find that education is a key in determining at what age women marry, having as would be expected a positive effect on age at first marriage and depressing spousal age gap. Urbanisation is significant, with a positive effect on age and negative on spousal age gap, although the effect is not very large. The percentage Muslim variable depresses female age at first marriage and increases spousal age gap but only when family type is not controlled for. The initially strong negative effect of percentage population Muslim over the period under consideration on age of first marriage has decreased, which raises some interesting questions about the role of Islam in female empowerment.     

“发行方付费”模式下的信用评级法律迷局解析

信用评级机构在次贷产品评级中,丧失独立公正,其根本原因在于其＂发行方付费＂的收费模式。在＂发行方付费＂模式下,信用评级机构丧失了＂投资者付费＂模式下的声誉资本约束。危机后的改革并没有触动＂发行方付费＂模式。审视资本市场中的信用评级机构,发现其具有中介机构和准监管机构的性质,信用评级报告不再是一种媒体观点而是一种专家意见。因此,信用评级机构与发行方之间应是承揽合同关系,信用评级机构对投资者负有信赖义务,承担专家责任。     

我国行政成本现状分析及优化路径

控制和优化行政成本是我国当前行政体制改革的重要内容和途径之一。本文运用公共管理和财政支出的相关理论,对我国行政成本扩张、结构和收益等现状进行分析,对行政成本发展趋势做出判断,并提出控制和优化行政成本的路径选择。     

人际关系视角中的腐败犯罪窝案现象分析

从人际关系角度解释当前腐败犯罪窝案现象意义重大。中国传统社会人际关系之形成有其自身的规律,这就使得传统社会人际关系具有一定的本土化特征,这些特征在当前的政治生活中依然发生着作用,已经成为引发腐败犯罪窝案的重要社会因素。官场内生腐败论和腐败铁三角论是学界关于腐败犯罪窝案生成机制的解释理论。从人际关系角度分析腐败犯罪窝案现象,可以发现其有两方面特点:一是权力监督难以发挥作用;二是犯罪暗数高。相应地,应该采取两方面措施预防腐败犯罪窝案的发生:一是借助网络平台、鼓励民众反腐;二是增加刑罚的严厉性、提高腐败犯罪成本。     

行政成本法治化控约机制构建

我国行政成本多年来始终居高不下,严重影响了政府的运行效能和政府的对外形象,也阻碍了宪政体制下法治政府建设的正常进程。随着法治政府建设的逐步推进,各级政府必须引入法治控权思维,从制度机制上寻求降低行政成本根本之策。     

经济分析范式下辩诉交易之证成

经济分析已经成为法学的一个重要研究范式。与理论界对辩诉交易的诸多纯粹法理与法实证探讨相异,博弈论、优势成本原则、有限正义理论为辩诉交易的引证提供了一个全新的视野。