The “Independent Variable” in Restorative Justice: Theory-Based Standards for Evaluating the Impact and Integrity of Victim Sensitive Process (Part II)

For almost two decades restorative justice practices have demonstrated positive impacts on crime victim satisfaction when compared to court and other adversarial processes. Although these practices have by no means addressed the myriad needs of crime victims, researchers and policy makers have puzzled about how to interpret these generally positive findings. We suggest that remaining difficulties in concluding that positive findings are a result of restorative process rather than some other factor (e.g., procedural justice) are due largely to (1) the lack of clear standards for gauging the integrity, or “restorativeness,” of interventions and (2) the failure to articulate logical mechanisms (i.e., intervention theories) that connect practices to immediate and intermediate outcomes, and these outcomes to long-term changes in the well-being of victims, offenders, and communities. In part 1 of a two-part discussion previously published in this journal, we described alternative definitions of restorative justice and outlined three core principles that provide a useful normative theory of restorative justice. In part 2, we focus on the “intervening variable” in restorative justice, utilizing qualitative data from a national case study to illustrate some potential immediate and intermediate outcomes of restorative justice practice on victims. We also discuss the implications of these outcomes for intervention theory and future research.     

激励是现代管理的核心技巧

随着管理现代化的不断推进 ,激励日益成为管理活动成败的关键和管理者必须掌握的核心技巧。在管理实践中 ,激励手段是多种多样的 ,需要根据外界环境变化和组织内部实际情况来选择适用的方法 ;同时 ,还要把激励的实施控制在有效的范围之内 ,不当激励给组织和个人带来的伤害往往大于无激励。     

浅谈“牢头狱霸”成因及防治对策

“牢头狱霸”破坏监规，制造事故，传授犯罪伎俩，阻扰在押人员坦白检举，密谋组织哄闹、暴狱、脱逃，严重危害看守所安全，必须坚决打击。为加大对“牢头狱霸”的惩治力度，必须作好收集证据材料的工作，以事实为依据，严厉惩治。此外，对已构成流氓、伤害和为首组织脱逃等犯罪的“牢头狱霸”，要加强与检、法机关联系，提出建议尽量把这类案件拿到看守所公判，发挥震慑作用，同时，要做好录音录像固定资料工作，以便日后用于教育其他在押人员。     

心肌梗死6项免疫组化指标的死后稳定性比较

目的　探讨用于早期心肌梗死死后诊断的维连接蛋白 (Fn)、纤维蛋白原 (Fg)、补体 (C5 )、肌红蛋白(Mb)、肌动蛋白 (HHF3 5 )、结蛋白 (Dm )等 6项免疫组化指标在死后不同时间的稳定性。方法　应用免疫组织化学法、图像分析和统计学处理系统 ,检测缺血心肌细胞内Mb、HHF3 5、Dm的缺失面积和Fn、Fg、C5的阳性反应面积 ,并对 6项免疫组化指标在死后不同时间的稳定性进行比较。结果　正常心肌组织 4℃放置 1～ 2d ,Dm、HHF3 5、Mb染色均匀 ,未见明显缺失 ;放置 3d以上 ,即可见Dm、HHF3 5、Mb明显缺失 ,且随放置时间延长 ,缺失面积逐步增大。缺血心肌组织随放置时间延长 ,Dm、HHF3 5、Mb的缺失面积逐步增大 ,Fg、C5、Fn阳性反应面积逐渐减少 ;放置 14d以上 ,Fg呈阴性反应 ;放置 2 1d以上 ,C5呈阴性反应 ;放置 2 8d ,Fn仍呈阳性反应。正常心肌组织放置不同时间 ,均未见Fg、C5、Fn阳性反应。图像分析结果显示阳性反应面积逐步减少。结论　Dm、HHF3 5、Mb的稳定性最差 ,易受死后自溶的影响 ,只适用于新鲜尸体 (死后 1～ 2d) ;Fg次之 ,可用于死后 4℃放置 7d的尸体 ;C5较好 ,可用于死后 4℃放置 14d的尸体 ;Fn稳定性最好 ,可用于死后 4℃放置 2 8d的尸体。     

火灾现场的勘查与物证技术

火灾现场的勘查应建立在仔细调查的基础之上,主要应注意访问火灾相关人员,寻找火场最低位置,利用照相技术固定火场的现场痕迹物证,注重火灾现场气态、液态、固态物证的提取,并利用多种分析方法进行鉴定。     

新技术革命与我国新型工业化道路

走新型工业化道路是十六大报告提出的,根据我国的实际应着重从三个方面入手,第一,管理创新是新型工业化道路的必然选择;第二,实施高新技术带动战略;第三,充分发挥信息化在我国新型工业化道路中的应有作用。     

论计算机软件反向工程的合法性问题

计算机软件产业的发展对各国的知识产权法体系提出了挑战。从各主要发达国家的立法与司法实践看 ,计算机软件反向工程的合法化已经成为趋势 ,我国应借鉴这一思路 ,在计算机软件保护立法中规定反向工程问题 ,以使软件权利人的权利与对其的限制达致平衡。     

从技术到情感：刑民交叉案件管辖

司法与戏剧都是以台上表演、宣讲台词的形式来表达人性化的情感。司法入口的刑民二分法与司法过程的逻辑三段论一样都不能排除情感因素作用。刑民交叉案件很显然是在严格刑民二分观点透视下的模糊和边缘地带。遵循司法制度的合成理论和司法过程的辩证理论，反映世界潮流，体现司法民主，切合和谐主题，采“超越极端，回归情感”的思路，为积极回应和适时流转当事人诉求，把刑民交叉案件管辖的一些历史沉淀和实践探索的边缘性制度逐步固定下来，从而增加现行制度的弹性和适应力。从本质上说，以情取胜而不是以力服人也是司法和竞技的主要差别。     

The future of terrorism research: a review essay

This essay sets forth a research agenda to begin filling some key gaps in terrorism studies. Since the September 2001 Al Qaeda attacks against the World Trade Center towers and the Pentagon that claimed over 3000 lives, interest in terrorism research has increased. After these attacks, the United States and other governments prioritized the scientific study of the causes of and responses to terrorism. Importantly though, our review of the terrorism literature demonstrates that despite this progress, intriguing questions remain underexplored or altogether unexplored. This essay identifies four gaps in terrorism studies: (1) employing non-terrorist comparison groups, (2) broadening the dependent variable (focus of study), (3) exploring exceptions/anomalies to “established” findings, and (4) engaging measurement issues. We discuss these issues and outline a research agenda that could begin to fill these gaps.     

Criterion Analysis and Content Validity for Standardized Behavioral Tests in a Detector-Dog Breeding Program

Many working-dog programs assess behavior during a dog's first year of life with the aim of predicting success in the field. However, decisions about which tests to administer are frequently made on the basis of tradition or intuition. This study reports results from a survey given to U.S.A.'s Transportation Security Administration (TSA) detection-dog handlers (N = 34). We categorized and summarized handlers’ responses regarding traits they felt were important for work. We used this criterion analysis to examine the content validity of the TSA's puppy tests. Results indicate that 13 of 15 traits that are currently being measured are relevant. However, several traits not currently measured were identified as being highly important, notably “play” and off-duty “calmness.” These results provide support that the TSA tests are measuring traits relevant to operational search team performance but also highlight other traits that may be profitable to assess in this and other detection-dog programs.