调解的比较优势与法院调解制度的改革

调解、仲裁与诉讼，是现代各国解决民事纠纷普遍采用的方式，每一种方式都有自己的鲜明特色和比较优势，正是比较优势的存在是纠纷当事人可以选择适合于自己的方式，与判决相比，调解具有自愿性，和解性，协商性，开放性，灵活性，保密性等八个方面的比较优势，我国现行调审合一的诉讼体制妨碍了法院调解发挥其比较优势，应当改革我国法院调解制度，实行诉讼内调审分离。     

Mediation and Restorative Justice in Belgium

In this article we present, discuss and try to evaluate initiatives which were recently introduced into the Belgian criminal justice system, aimed at the development of creative answers to crime that avoid the use of traditional prison sentences. We decided to focus this analysis on the practice of mediation as it is actually considered the most innovative approach to the crime problem. Mediation as a problem-solving intervention has to be considered in direct relation to the discussion of the purpose of the criminal justice system. By putting the emphasis on the dialogue between the victim and the offender, a common solution is worked out with the help of a mediator. In this way reparation, redress and sometimes even reconciliation become core values of the penal action.     

Confectionery and Conflict Resolution? What Chocolat Reveals about Mediation

A close analysis of the film Chocolat discloses a new metaphor for the mediator — the mediator as cook. The use of this metaphor throughout the film suggests new insights about mediator style and practice. Specifically, the mediator–protagonist in Chocolat demonstrates that: (1) mediations need not be voluntary to be sound, (2) non-neutral, directive, evaluative mediators can be effective if they individualize their approaches to each disputant and dispute, and (3) effective approaches to mediation celebrate emotion and pleasure, contrary to many conflict resolution theorists who write about the importance of emotions, but do not privilege them in practice.     

The Past,Present, and Future of Mediation as Seen through the Eyes of Some of Its Founders

This article is drawn from interviews with thirty‐one of mediation's “founders,” those pioneers who began mediating in the 1970s and 1980s, when the field was young. They describe what first attracted them to mediation and why they have remained active in the field. Some told us that they have found it to be both intellectually challenging and interpersonally satisfying to assist disputing parties in their search for a mutually acceptable resolution they could not find on their own. Others see mediation's collaborative approach to decision making as a means of bringing about social and political change that might be otherwise unattainable. The mediators also described the changes they have observed since they entered the field: mediation's dramatic growth, institutionalization in the judicial system, and market domination by lawyers and retired judges. Among the concerns they expressed were the prevalence of a mediation model that focuses primarily on the legal strengths and weaknesses of each party's position, and the dollar amount that should resolve the dispute, with little interest in creative outcomes. Other concerns are a lack of quality control of mediators and trainers, and unproductive debate about whether the “correct” approach to mediation is evaluative, facilitative, or transformative. The mediators who work on public policy matters, including environmental disputes, were the most positive about the opportunity for creativity in their work, considerably more so than those mediators whose practice is primarily business/commercial. The mediators' views of the future of mediation are remarkably similar — their general sense is that the type of mediation that takes place in the shadow of the courts is likely to increase and to become even more routinized than it is at present. Several respondents told us that they also expect to see substantial growth in the use of mediation to resolve public policy issues. Many of these mediators predicted that this type of mediation is likely to be carried out by organizational insiders, rather than outside interveners. As one mediator said, “Maybe there's a new set of mediation roles for people within traditional institutions, not just for free‐standing neutrals.”     

Chronicling the Complexification of Negotiation Theory and Practice

The essay reviews the content of twenty-five years of Negotiation Journal , identifying themes and issues explored on its pages in the past, the current issues challenging the field's scholars and practitioners, and the issues likely to confront us in the future. It argues that while we in the field hoped for simple, elegant, and universal theories of negotiation and conflict resolution, the last twenty-five years have demonstrated the increasing complexification of negotiation theory and practice, from increased numbers of parties and issues, and dilemmas of intertemporal commitments, ethics, accountability, and relationships of private action to public responsibility.     

治安调解战术策略探析

随着社会主义市场经济的深入发展,社会成员之间利益格局的重新调整,各类社会矛盾纠纷频繁发生,错综复杂,已成为影响基层社会稳定的重要因素。调解纠纷是公安机关日常社会管理中的一项重要工作,涉及社区警务、治安管理、“110”接处警和不安定因素等多项公安日常工作。公安机关所承担的行政调解,对于有效维护社会政治和治安秩序的稳定,预防犯罪和群体性事件的发生具有深远的意义。公安民警在日常调解纠纷的工作中,只有坚持原则,审时度势,灵活而合理地运用各种战术策略,才能掌握主动,收取事半功倍的实际效果。     

民事诉讼调解结案率实证研究

实证研究发现,近年来无论一审、二审还是再审调解结案率都呈现曲折增长而非持续增长态势。无论一审、二审还是再审抑或婚姻家庭类案件、合同类案件还是权属侵权类案件,调解结案率一般都未超过60%。而且总体上看,一审调解结案率高于二审和再审,再审调解结案率高于二审,婚姻家庭类案件调解结案率高于合同类案件,合同类案件高于权属侵权类案件。当下中国法院调解结案率呈现如此面相,既是调解政策驱动、各法院领导重视程度不同所致,也有个案差异、案件性质不同等原因。这种"运动性"调解的负面效应在司法实践中越发凸显,未来中国应在深刻反思基础上理性对待和设计法院调解制度。     

论死刑案件①附带民事诉讼调解制度的改造完善——在死刑控制背景下

在死刑核准权收归最高人民法院统一行使及严格控制死刑适用的背景下,人民法院依法对死刑案件中的民事赔偿问题开展附带民事诉讼调解工作。现行附带民事诉讼调解制度存在调解仅在审判阶段实施、法官占绝对主导地位以及调解协议约束力弱等问题。为此,应对死刑案件附带民事诉讼调解制度作相应改造,将法院的调解工作延伸到侦查、起诉阶段,建立调解申请机制,建立委托调解或协助调解制度,明确调解协议在法律上的性质及效力范围。     

清代民事诉讼制度的特点及现代借鉴意义

清代作为中国封建社会的最后一个王朝,其法律制度发展到了相当完备的地步,清代民事诉讼制度主要有六个特点。清代民事诉讼制度对今天借鉴意义主要有三点：对调解的灵活运用;对习惯法的灵活运用;判决注重说理性。