TRIPs与医药产品强制许可制度之新解

一些发展中国家基于公共健康、环境保护、技术转让、投资、就业等原因主张在药品知识产权领域广泛使用强制许可制度．但是应当看到,TRIPs为保护知识产权提供了协调一致和非歧视标准,平衡了消费者和发明人之间的利益,广泛使用强制许可将使这种平衡发生偏移,其结果是使免费使用的被许可人而不是一国境内的消费者受益,并对社会福利造成危害．取消药品强制许可可能带来负面影响,国际社会正在寻求有效的解决方案,自愿许可就是已经证实的切实可行的一种替代方法,主要的制药公司的捐助计划也给发展中国家的病人带来了福音．     

医疗纠纷案件实施司法救助分析

中国司法救助制度的建立,标志着中国法治化的又一进程的开始。成都市武侯区人民法院医疗纠纷案件审理中所呈现的司法救助状况值得思考。如何完善司法救助机制,探索建立规范的司法救助途径,建立良性的司法救助体系,需要每位司法人员在工作中进一步地探索和总结,并为中国司法救助制度的完善出谋划策。     

Measurement and Other Errors in County-Level UCR Data: A Reply to Lott and Whitley

Lott and Whitley note that our analyses of the errors in the county-level UCR data used in More Guns, Less Crime (J. R. Lott, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1998, 2000) ignore the fact that all data have measurement error, that the largest errors were in counties with low populations, and that population-weighted regressions were used. We agree that this mitigates some of the effects of the errors, but does not take them fully into account. We also note that this is but one of the problems associated with the analysis. We therefore find no reason to alter our original conclusion, that in their current condition, county-level UCR crime statistics cannot be used for evaluating the effects of changes in policy.     

中国新型农村合作医疗制度设计的实证分析--基于贵州、内蒙、陕西试点(旗)县的调研

在我国,占总人口15%的城市人口享用着2/3的卫生保健服务,而占总人口85%的农村人口却只能享用1/3的医疗卫生保健服务,农村居民正在沦为最大的自费医疗群体.农村医疗问题的解决有赖于农村医疗卫生保障制度的建立.自2003年,我国开始在全国范围内开展新型农村合作医疗试点,为最终科学建立新型农村合作医疗制度进行局部试验.各试点地区应在充分考虑农民的利益的基础上进行制度设计,如选择科学的账户模式,合理确定报销方案,建立大病医疗救助制度等,从而保障农村合作医疗政策效果的顺利实现.     

医疗体制改革的法学思考——基于医改成果公平分享的视角

医疗体制改革面临着艰难的抉择。如何正确确定医改的目标,使广大人民共享医改成果,是构建和谐社会的一个重要方面。医改偏离社会目标的原因有四:一是政府干预不足与干预过度;二是医疗市场化过度与市场化不足;三是医疗产品的"三重"属性;四是医患关系具有特殊性。从法学的视角进行检视,医改要达致其预期的目标,就必须在效率与可及性上下功夫。要依法规范政府、医疗市场、医院、医生及患者的关系,造就一种制度安排下的利益均衡关系。     

医疗技术发展风险抗辩

本文从医疗纠纷处理的难点出发 ,结合医疗损害事件向无过错责任转化的趋势。提出医疗核技术发展风险抗辩 ,作为医方免责理由 ,并分析了此抗辩的构成要件 ,与相关因素。     

The future of claims to resist removal by non-nationals suffering from HIV/AIDS

The focus of this article is to consider the difficulties facing non-nationals suffering HIV/AIDS to resist removal to their countries of origin where there is no or inadequate medical treatment. The link between HIV/AIDS and migration will be explored illustrating the vulnerability of displaced people to the virus. The current UK legal position for those attempting to resist removal in such circumstances will be explored. The article will explore two potential avenues that may prevent removal of non-nationals with HIV/AIDS to countries with limited access to the necessary treatment. In the first instance consideration of Article 3 European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) will be made with particular emphasis on mother and child claims. The second argument will examine the potential for refugee claims under Article 1A (2) Refugee Convention 1951 where an applicant may be able to demonstrate a well-founded fear of persecution because of membership to a particular social group. The authors will particularly emphasise the argument that in certain countries sufferers will experience ostracism and victimisation where its severity may amount to treatment contrary to Article 3 ECHR and persecution under the Refugee Convention. Vanessa Bettinson and Dr Alwyn Jones, senior lecturers, De Montfort University. The authors would like to thank Professor Tony Barnett at London School of Economics for his useful and invaluable thoughts and comments. We would also like to thank our colleague Gavin Dingwall and the students in our 2006/07 Immigration and Refugee Law seminars for their very helpful feedback.     

关于病历所有权的探讨

本文从病历的内容、形成等来区分病历所有权的归属,笔者将病历分为三部分:客观部分、主观分析部分、治疗部分,分别归属于患者、医方所有、治疗部分归患医方共用的观点,并对病历的使用进行了探讨。     

An autopsy case of intraoperative death due to pulmonary fat embolism—possibly caused by release of tourniquet after multiple muscle-release and tenotomy of the bilateral lower limbs

We report a case of a juvenile male with muscle rigidity caused by cerebral palsy who experienced intraoperative sudden death due to pulmonary fat embolism after multiple muscle-release and tenotomy of the bilateral lower limbs. Data were obtained through review of the surgical and anesthesia records, as well as from autopsy and histopathological examination. All surgical procedures were performed within the same operation, beginning with the right lower limb and then proceeding with the left lower limb, with application of a pneumatic tourniquet to avoid intraoperative hemorrhage. Slight changes in the hemodynamics were noticed after release of the right tourniquet. Further, sudden onset of hypotension, severe bradycardia, and a marked decrease in percutaneously monitored oxygen saturation occurred just after release of the left tourniquet when the left limb was raised for casting. The patient died despite immediate and vigorous cardiopulmonary resuscitation. At autopsy performed 20 h after death, examination of the lungs revealed a pale surface, slight edema, and obvious fat droplets in the vessels at the cut surfaces. Histopathological examination with fat staining was notable for the presence of pulmonary fat embolism. These results suggest that restoration of venous return after removal of the tourniquet combined with massive fat embolism from dead spaces was the likely cause of death.