‘You Can't Always Get What You Want’: The effects of winning and losing in a referendum on citizens' referendum support

In Western democracies, many citizens support the use of referendums. However, as referendums create satisfying outcomes for citizens with majority views, they could generate ambivalent feelings among voters for the minority option. Little is known about the effects of winning or losing a referendum for citizens' referendum support. This article analyses multiple-wave survey data from five referendums in Bavaria (Germany), Finland and the Netherlands. The findings show that losers' referendum support decreases in nearly all cases, but there is very limited evidence for an increase of winners' referendum support. Nevertheless, the results clearly indicate a winner-loser gap, suggesting that referendums have relatively more positive effects for winners' than for losers' referendum support. As such, this article extends previous findings of the non-stability of referendum support. As the legitimacy of democratic institutions depends upon losers' consent, these findings have important implications for the democratic potential of referendums.     

Economics,security, and individual-level preferences for trade agreements

Empirical research on the determinants of individual-level support for trade liberalization has focused almost entirely on the economic effects of trade. Yet, international relations scholarship has long recognized that commerce also has a variety of security implications. This paper explores if and when security considerations influence individual attitudes toward trade. In this study, we ask two questions: First, to what extent do expectations about the security implications of trade affect individual-level attitudes toward trade agreements? Second, does the introduction of security concerns into the discussion of trade agreements influence how heavily individuals weigh their economic costs and benefits? We employ an original experiment embedded in a conjoint survey to investigate the relative impact of a variety of economic and security considerations on respondents’ support for trade. Our findings suggest that security information matters and undermines the appeal of some, though not all, economic arguments for trade liberalization among our respondents.     

Discourses on countering violent extremism: the strategic interplay between fear and security after 9/11

This article explores the construction of extremism in media discourse, the factors driving specific constructions and the implications of these constructions for counterterrorism policy. We contend that extremism has predominantly and increasingly been framed as a security issue. This article explores the implications of this practice through the framework of securitisation. We measure the average intensity of security framing in 38,616 articles found in three major US newspapers, New York Times, Wall Street Journal and Los Angeles Times, between 20 January 1993 and 19 January 2017 comprising the Clinton, Bush and Obama presidencies, and look at factors influencing the shift in intensity over time. Through our analysis, we show that it is possible to return to a pre-9/11 discourse but that the confluence of real-world events and the strategic choices of political actors have so far prevented this from fully occurring. We then explore the effect of securitisation on public perceptions of the threat from terrorism, finding that increases in the intensity of security framing artificially increases the public’s worry about becoming a victim of terrorism. We conclude by discussing implications for the communication of counterterrorism policy and the requirements for an after, after 9/11 approach     

Political Trust,Ideology, and Public Support in the United States for Government Spending on Health Care

The U.S. health-care costs have increased at a rapid rate over the last several decades. How much responsibility the government should bear with the increase in health-care costs is one of the main questions that lack consensus among the American people. Utilizing the 2016 General Social Survey data, this study shows that over two-thirds of Americans want to see more or much more spending on health care by the government. An ordered logit regression model shows that political trust and ideology are significant correlates in predicting attitudes toward government spending on health care. The policy implications of the findings are discussed in the “Conclusion” section.     

Examining the Link Between Issue Attitudes and News Source: The Case of Latinos and Immigration Reform

This paper explores whether an individual’s news source can explain their attitudes on immigration. We focus on the Spanish-speaking population in the U.S., since they have the option of accessing their news in English, Spanish or in both languages. Our audience influence hypothesis predicts that Spanish-language news will cover immigration in a more positive and informative manner than will English-language news. Thus, Latinos who use Spanish-language news may have a higher likelihood of possessing pro-immigrant sentiments than Latinos who only use English-language news. Content analysis of Spanish and English-language television news segments reveals variations in the tone and substance of these news outlets. Analysis of Latino survey respondents indicates that immigration attitudes vary by news source. Generational status also influences Latinos’ immigration attitudes, though its impact is not as great as one’s news source.

A health management research on the insured group who participate in medical insurance

Taking the insured group who participate in medical insurance as the main subject, Wendeng city carries out the health management and establishes health files for the insured. Through the free health checkup for the high-risk group, the targeted health interventions are conducted according to the physical examination results of those people, and relative health education has achieved satisfying effects. The health education in different western countries has been carried out for more than 20 years, which accumulates a wealth of experiences. However, health education in China has not yet gained sufficient attentions, and to develop the domestic health education becomes an imperative task at present.     

非法行医罪与医疗事故罪辨析及立法思考

非法行医罪和医疗事故罪在主体、客体、主观方面,客观方面各犯罪构成要件上都有区别,罪数形态上亦有区分执业医师擅自脱离执业地点和不按执业类别、执业范围执业的行为应以非法行医论处,有证医疗机构的无证“医务人员”从事诊疗、护理等活动造成损害的应以非法行医论,无证人员无偿提供医疗服务的仍属非法行医行为,刑法立法上应当对此作出相应规定以资完善.     

监狱医疗困境与社会化医疗模式的构建

“全额保障”的现行服刑人员医疗体制无论在资金还是医疗技术方面都存在巨大的困难，这种制度并未得到监狱、监狱民警以及服刑人员在价值观念上的认可和行动上的支持，负性影响日趋显现。探索监狱医疗社会化模式，使其始终遵循社会公民一致性原则，将服刑人员纳入城乡居民基本医疗保险体系，使服刑人员在就医、缴费、保障上摆脱“免费困境”，无疑是解决问题的良方。     

论遗嘱受益回避简

遗嘱受益回避，即因特定角色之承担从而能对他人遗嘱的成立或生效产生重要影响的入，不得从该他人遗嘱中受益。遗嘱受益回避的适用对象，包括遗嘱订立时遗嘱人的监护人、医疗人员和参与遗嘱订立的见证人、公证人及起草人，以及前列人员的配偶、直系血亲和兄弟姐妹。遗嘱受益回避的除外情形为：前述人员与遗嘱人之间有配偶、直系血亲或兄弟姐妹关系；即使某见证人或公证人没有参与，遗嘱也能有效成立；遗嘱起草人被列为受益人时，遗嘱人已征询无利害关系律师的独立意见。     

医疗卫生信息化法治建设研究

随着我国医疗卫生信息化的纵深发展,在临床管理信息系统和远程医疗的应用正逐渐成熟而趋于智能化进程的同时,网络安全隐患、信息外泄、违法谋利及违背医学伦理和医德等问题,不同程度地降低了患者满意度和信任度,有损于在广大就医者群体才树立起的我国现代高科技医疗信息化的整体形象。因此有必要加强卫生信息化的网络安全监控,重点研究和完善国家和地方相关的卫生信息化法治建设,依法有效防范远程会诊信息被非法读取的风险;依法遏制为本医药机构谋取不当利益而外泄的信息数据;依法取缔发布虚假、带有欺诈性的医疗电子网络信息、医学图像的广告等非法行为,从而使医疗卫生信息化系统工程的建设朝着更为完善、健康和高速的方向发展。