智能障碍者凶杀伤害案例的司法鉴定分析

智能障碍的犯罪行为，在司法精神疾病鉴定中占有重要的地位。本文通过对３２例智能障碍者凶杀伤害犯罪鉴定案例的回顾性研究，对其特征性因素进行分析，发现在多个因素中，作案动机、有否预谋、智能障碍程度、社会适应能力以及自我保护能力是法定能力评定的主要参考因素。职业特点、性格特征、既往病史、伴随疾病是次要参考因素。提示其犯罪行为的实施不是单一因素形成的，而是多方面因素作用的结果。     

香港特区终审法院判决与"人大释法"不一致所引发的内地孕妇来港产子潮问题探讨

香港特区终审法院在庄礼源案的裁决对香港产生了深远重大的影响。该案的判决与全国人大常委会在1999年6月26日对香港基本法有关条款作出的解释不尽一致。若终审法院在裁决庄丰源案时能考虑到"人大释法"就有关筹委会的意见已反映在《基本法》第24条第2款其他各项的立法原意这一决议中,则有相当充分的法律理据来裁定庄丰源败诉。这样非法入境、逾期居留或在香港临时居留的人在香港逗留期间所生的中国籍子女,并不能享有香港居留权。同时,内地孕妇亦不会因为希望其子女获得香港居留权而引发争相到香港产子的情况。     

Sanctioning risky life-styles: Attitudes toward solidarity or equitable distribution of health care

Rising costs of medical care and increasing knowledge about behavior-related health risks favor the use of the equity principle in health care allocation. This paper deals with attitudes to the question of whether or not one's payments should be contingent upon the risks one takes. From an explorative analysis of arguments espoused by letter writers from a Dutch health magazine, it becomes apparent that equity plays a major role in the respondents' views of the distribution of health care facilities. Next, the role of attribution in adopting attitudes toward risky life-styles is studied on the basis of a survey using a representative sample of Dutch households. Beliefs about the individual ability to influence health have no effect on risk solidarity, whereas beliefs about the proper amount of effort to avoid health risks do have an effect.     

Developmental states,civil society,and public health: Patent regulation for HIV/AIDS pharmaceuticals in India and Brazil

While both India and Brazil are seriously affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic, each country has chosen a different approach to providing affordable pharmaceutical treatment. Whereas the Indian government has paved the way for market-driven solutions, Brazilian public authorities are strongly involved in the research and production of HIV/AIDS medication. Brazilian regulations permit comprehensive and free provision of HIV/AIDS drugs, whereas the majority of the affected population in India does not receive adequate pharmaceutical treatment. To explain the different policy outputs, we draw on the developmental state literature. Efficient decisionmaking structures, a devoted bureaucracy, and effective policy instruments enable public authorities to provide public goods even in the context of relative scarcity. We show that the assumptions of developmental state theory have to be complemented by the assessment of civil society actors' potential to trigger governmental interventions in the market.     

Making just decisions in magistrates' courts

Professional magistrates' sentencing procedures were examined as prototypic cases of expert processes involved in making just decisions, with analysis of their attention to information and the inferences they drew from case details and their own patterned knowledge. Magistrates' sorting and verbalized sentencing of six shoplifting cases revealed that they were accessing and using three schemas for categorizing shoplifters, with different emphases and valences, and different penalties. The schemas categorized shoplifters as cases of greed, need, or troubled persons. Tough magistrates followed the greed schema more than the lenient who followed the need and troubled schemas more consistently. Information use and inferences in a sample case illustrate schema differences.     

法院调解改革新论

调解主持人员的双重身份、法院的职权主义都不是我国法院调解存在问题的主要原因。事实上,强制性是法院调解运作的基础。我国法院改革应以扩大当事人的程序选择权为导向,设立庭前调解制度,实现诉讼中当事人合意解决纠纷的二元机制,在诉讼外另设法院附设调解程序,建立法院内调解程序的二元机制。     

Delay reduction in the federal courts: Rule 50(b) and the Federal Speedy Trial Act of 1974

During the 1970s, 94 federal district courts implemented two major policy initiatives, Rule 50(b) of theFederal Rules of Criminal Procedure and the Federal Speedy Trial Act, that were designed in Washington to combat delay in the processing of federal criminal cases. Both of these initiatives established a national priority of delay reduction in criminal cases, encouraged local district court planning for delay reduction; established reporting procedures for monitoring local compliance, and provided for the determination of quantitative goals for the time to disposition of criminal cases. Neither initiative mandated specific activities for delay reduction; this determination was left to the discretion of local federal district courts. This research examines the effectiveness of Rule 50(b) and the Speedy Trial Act by constructing a 150-month time series of three measures of case processing time. A multiple-intervention time-series model found that both of these initiatives contributed to the dramatic reduction in the time to disposition in federal criminal cases. These effects persisted after controls for changes in case characteristics and judicial resources were introduced.Points of view expressed in this research are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of the U.S. Department of Justice.     

河南省刑事案件司法精神病学鉴定案例的随访研究

目的研究司法精神病学鉴定后各方对结论及处理的看法及社会影响等随访因素。方法作者通过通信函调、电话随访和登门拜访等三种方法,用自编调查表对208例鉴定案例分别向委托机关、被鉴定人本人或家属、受害人本人或家属进行随访。结果被鉴定人受教育年限平均为4.84年,以30岁左右已婚男性农民居多。暴力犯罪(129例占83.77%)远较非暴力犯罪(25例占16.23%)为多,前者又尤以杀人(44例占28.57%)为最常见。本资料再鉴定率为2.93%。被鉴定人及其家属对34例无责任能力的处理意见认为恰当的占76.47%,对判为无罪释放的28例,认为处理恰当的占71.43%,认为不恰当的占10.7%。对就医者几乎全都满意,对判刑或关押的认为恰当与不恰当者各占43.18%。受害人目前现状为死亡7例,残废10例,恢复健康10例。被鉴定人及其家属的意见与司法机关认为案件引起的社会影响似乎无关。被司法机关无罪释放的41例(26.62%)被鉴定人中,再杀人2例(4.87%),放火2例(4.87%),盗窃2例(4.87%),回归社会后有破坏行为但尚未构成犯罪者3例(7.31%)。结论建议政府有关部门尽快建立违法犯罪精神病人的监管和医疗机构。     

《道路交通事故受伤人员伤残评定》中精神伤残程度司法鉴定相关问题探讨

在法医精神病学鉴定实践中,精神伤残的评定越来越多。现行《道路交通事故受伤人员伤残评定》标准中关于精神伤残评定的相关条款过于笼统,可操作性差,常因认识不一致而产生歧义。本文结合典型案例主要从三个方面对精神伤残司法鉴定中常见问题进行探讨:(1)在评定智力缺损程度时,应结合伤前智商进行评定;(2)精神伤残评定的时间应在医疗终结后一年;(3)精神伤残评定中应引入量表进行客观评价。