论刑法中的事后自救

刑法中的事后自救有着不同于一般意义上的自救行为的特别意义,它是刑法中的违法性阻却事后即正当化事由之一。刑法中的事后自救有着从起因要件、时机要件到主体要件、主观要件再到对象要件和限度要件的系列性构成要件或成立条件。不符合构成要件或成立条件的自救行为轻者是过失犯罪,重者是故意犯罪,不仅可以实施正当防卫或紧急避险,甚至可以实施"刑法中的事后反自救"。     

结合犯若干问题研究——规范解读与理性反思

在大陆法系刑事立法的发展完善过程中,结合犯占有一席之地。我国刑法至今仍未规定典型的结合犯,但基于规范目的及刑法理性的考察,应当重视对结合犯适用问题的研究。结合犯的既、未遂应以他罪为标准。结合犯的中止宜以后一个犯罪是否中止为标准。结合犯的共同正犯是客观存在的,但当后行为人仅实施了部分实行行为时,只能对参与后的行为及结果负责。     

DETERRENCE AND DETERRABILITY*

The first forays into Western criminological theory came in the language of deterrence (Beccaria, 1963 [1764]). The paradigm itself is simple and straightforward, offering an explanation for crime that doubles as a solution (Pratt et al., 2006). Crime occurs when the expected rewards outweigh the anticipated risks, so increasing the risks, at least theoretically, will prevent most crimes in most circumstances. If deterrence describes the perceptual process by which would-be offenders calculate risks and rewards prior to offending, then deterrability refers to the offender's capacity and/or willingness to perform this calculation. The distinction between deterrence and deterrability is critical to understanding criminality from a utilitarian perspective. However, by attempting to answer “big picture” questions about the likelihood of offending relative to sanction threats, precious little scholarship has attended to the situated meaning of deterrability. This article draws attention to this lacuna in hopes of sensitizing criminology to an area of inquiry that, at present, remains only loosely developed.     

精神病态罪犯的情绪障碍模型评述

精神病态是一种表现在人际关系、情感、生活方式和反社会特质等方面的人格障碍。国外精神病态关于情绪障碍模型存在着几种主要观点及神经机制,但是各种模型均存在一定的不足,最主要的问题是模型过于简单、忽视其他特质的影响以及以成年白人罪犯为主要研究对象。精神病态罪犯的情绪障碍研究应朝三个方向努力,即认知模型与神经模型相整合,注意在行为表现与神经机制之间起着调节作用,开展跨文化研究。     

Violence ratings of female patients in broadmoor hospital

Abstract

A study is described which characterised the female population of Broadmoor Special Hospital on a scale (Robertson et al., 1987) which rates violence associated with the index offence and previous episodes of violence both in terms of prosecuted violence and unprosecuted incidents. This scale has been applied recently to the male population of Broadmoor (Wong et al., 1993). The findings here confirm the notion that the female population of a Special Hospital are less violent than the males in terms of rating of violence associated with the index offence and in previous convictions for violent offending. The females contain a larger proportion of patients convicted of the offence of Arson (index offence) and patients transferred from other hospitals because of being unmanageable in these settings (under Section 3 of the Mental Health Act). Extreme ratings of violence amongst the females is associated with a diagnosis of personality disorder rather than schizophrenia or psychosis.     

假设的因果关系

假设的因果关系肇始于不作为犯中不作为的原因力的解释。学界在对因果关系做一般性的论述中否定了假设的因果关系,但基于刑法目的性,在不作为犯的场合肯定了假设的因果关系。     

社区矫正的犯罪学依据

社区矫正作为宽容刑罚观的产物，其犯罪学依据主要在于人们对犯罪、犯罪人以及犯罪人如何重返社会的认识步步推进：首先，人类对犯罪本质、犯罪是否正常现象、犯罪与环境的关系认识趋于客观，为科学的刑罚观奠定了理论基础，也回答了“犯罪人应不应矫正”的问题；其次，随着人类对犯罪人是否正常人、犯罪人“到底能不能改变”等认识逐步丰富，更坚定树立了“犯罪人能够矫正”的基本信念；最后，随着重犯累犯现象增多，人类对犯罪人如何重返社会的思考更趋理性，认为如果让犯罪人在社区中接受矫正而非禁闭于监狱与世隔绝，有利于其顺利再社会化和回归社会。     

过限犯认定问题研究

过限犯是附随于共同犯罪过程中的一种特殊的犯罪形态。过限犯认定对于明确行为人刑事责任和惩罚犯罪具有重要的意义。本文结合共同实行犯、组织犯、教唆犯和帮助犯等不同的共犯类型,全面而具体地探讨了过限犯的认定问题。     

Mentally ill offenders in prison: the Belgian case

According to the EUPRIS-study on mental health in prisons (2007), available data on mental disorders in prison are scarce. Therefore, this study aims at summarizing and discussing the available knowledge on incarcerated mentally ill offenders concerning: (1) the screening and assessment for detecting mental health; (2) the psychiatric expertise in order to evaluate the mental status; and (3) the development and provision of forensic psychiatric treatment and care. These findings will be applied to the current situation in Belgium, which is a particularly interesting case. Belgium is currently facing difficulties concerning a large population of interned mentally ill offenders residing in correctional establishments.Implications with regard to the penal code, general or mental health legislation, screening, assessment, and treatment could deliver interesting viewpoints on how this problem could be tackled more effectively. Therefore, the findings will be discussed with reference to the international scientific and policy debate, focusing on ethical implications.     

Inevitable recidivism--the origin and centrality of an urban legend

This paper examines the pervasive conviction that sex offenders - particularly child molesters - will continue to re-offend. This belief in inevitable recidivism turns out to be absolutely essential to both the justification for, and the structure of, the sexually violent predator laws. When actual evidence of sex offender recidivism is examined, however, a huge gap exists between what is assumed and what the data actually show because most sex offenders do not in fact re-offend. Thus there is a galaxy of sexually violent predator laws and an entire branch of Supreme Court jurisprudence that is founded upon a demonstrable urban legend.