非典危机与突发公共卫生事件应急法律制度

“急事”呼唤“急法”,国务院《突发公共卫生事件应急条例》的紧急出台是因非典危机而起。本文通过研究这部非常时期的非常立法的背景、目的、指导思想和主要内容,论述了我国建立应急法律制度的现实价值与深远意义。特别强调,非典既是一种呼吸综合症,它所引发的更是一种社会综合症,法律正是通过对社会病的疗治而对付自然病;有了急事,就要有急的意识、急的行为、急的规范,就要依法应急。     

REJOINDER TO GARDNER'S "COMMENTARY ON KELLY AND JOHNSTON'S 'THE ALIENATED CHILD: A REFORMULATION OF PARENTAL ALIENATION SYNDROME'"

In this reply to Richard Gardner, we outline our points of disagreement with his formulation of parental alienation syndrome (PAS), showing that his focus on the alienating parent as the primary cause of children's negative attitudes and rejecting behavior toward the other parent is overly simplistic and not supported by findings from recent empirical research. It follows that we strongly object to Gardner's recommendations for legal and mental health interventions with alienated children as well as the use of the term PAS when referring to this problem.     

Tyrosine Hydroxylase TH01 9.3 Allele in the Occurrence of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in Swiss Caucasians

Catecholamines, especially noradrenalin, are essential in the control of respiration and arousal. Thus, an impaired production of these neurotransmitters may contribute to the occurrence of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The first step of the noradrenergic synthesis pathway is catalyzed by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). The TH‐encoding gene contains a tetrameric short tandem repeat in intron 1 (TH01), with allele 9.3 reported to be associated with SIDS in German infants. We investigated the allelic frequency of the TH01 marker in 171 Swiss SIDS infants and 500 healthy and gender‐matched Caucasian adults. In our study population, the allelic frequency of the 9.3 allele is similarly distributed in SIDS cases and controls (27.2% vs. 25.6%; p‐value = 0.562). Nevertheless, the TH‐encoding gene is only one of several genes involved in the noradrenergic biosynthesis pathway. Therefore, further genetic investigations are required with focus on the whole noradrenergic signaling system.     

UPLC-MS/MS法检测血痕中常见烟草、毒品和药物成分

目的建立UPLC-MS/MS测定血痕中尼古丁、可替宁、甲基苯丙胺、氯胺酮、吗啡、O6-单乙酰吗啡、地西泮、三唑仑、艾司唑仑、佐匹克隆和利血平的方法。方法以甲醇为提取液,采用基质提取溶液配制标准溶液制作定量曲线。采用超高效液相色谱柱对待测样品进行分离;以电喷雾离子源正离子（ESI＋）模式和多反应监测（MRM）模式进行质谱分析。优化实验条件,并进行方法学评价。结果选择UPLC HSS T3色谱柱,乙腈-5mmol/L甲酸铵＋0.1%（v/v）甲酸作为流动相,甲醇作为提取溶剂。11种检测物检出限（S/N=3）和定量限（S/N=10）分别为0.04~2.82ng和0.13~7.64ng,1~500ng/mL范围内的线性关系良好。除利血平、吗啡外的检测物回收率为（53.8±5.3）%~（107.2±12.6）%。结论采用本文UPLC-MS/MS方法对血痕中11种常见烟草、毒品和药物成分进行检测,能够满足实际检案的要求,可在相关检验中选用。     

摇晃婴儿综合征争议及研究进展

摇晃婴儿综合征是常见的虐待性颅脑损伤,其病理表现为三联征:脑实质病变、硬脑膜下出血、视网膜出血。虽然摇晃婴儿综合征被广泛运用于医学及法律领域,但是由于目前尚无直接证据证实成人摇晃儿童能造成严重脑损伤甚至死亡的后果,因此摇晃婴儿综合征存在学术争议。争议内容包括摇晃婴儿综合征的生物力学机制、病理生理机制等方面。由于某些疾病也能导致病理三联征,因此在诊断摇晃婴儿综合征过程中,应当注意外伤史、案情调查等。     

What is she doing here? Klinefelter syndrome in forensic casework

In this case report, we describe a sexual assault incident in which the male victim’s seminal fluid contained no sperm cells, as indicated by sperm cell staining and microscopic screening, and DNA profiling results from the non-sperm cell fraction showed a major/minor DNA mixture that could be interpreted as female and male. DNA profiling of a sample from a disposable drinking cup used by the victim at the crime scene provided a single source profile, and showed a 2:1 imbalance between the heights of the X and Y chromosomes, respectively. The victim’s DNA reference sample showed a similar imbalance of the X and Y chromosomes. These observations suggested that the victim might suffer from Klinefelter syndrome, a genetic disorder related to the sex chromosomes.Here, we describe the first reported use of the QIAGEN Investigator® Argus X-12 kit for characterization of X-chromosomal STR loci to potentially identify a case of Klinefelter syndrome. This commercially available kit is primarily used in forensic laboratories to investigate kinship relations and for paternity testing in alleged father/daughter cases. Results of the X chromosome DNA profiling from the victim’s disposable drinking cup and reference samples revealed two alleles at various X-chromosomal STR loci. Moreover, this kit can also amplify a Y chromosome specific sequence (AMEL-Y), and the results indicated that this sample actually originated from a male. Evidence of two X chromosomes in the victim's DNA suggested that he was likely to have Klinefelter syndrome. In this case report, we propose the use of the QIAGEN Investigator® Argus X-12 kit as a practical forensic tool for the detection of potential genetic syndromes related to the sex chromosomes, which can affect test results and, at times, make them difficult to interpret. We also aim to increase awareness within the forensic science community regarding the existence of genetic anomalies, which should be considered when analyzing DNA profiles.     

心可舒片对非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征PCI患者非靶病变粥样硬化斑块的影响

摘要：目的：研究心可舒片联合西药对非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征PCI患者非靶病变斑块的影响。方法：纳入60例非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征PCI患者,采用随机数字表法随机分为对照组30例和治疗组30例。对照组予以常规西药,治疗组在此基础上联合心可舒片。对比两组病人的血脂、炎症因子以及非靶病变血管粥样硬化斑块的IVUS影像学指标。结果：治疗后,两组总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL-C）、 超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、白介素-6（IL-6）、斑块负荷（PB）指标均降低,最小管腔面积（MLA）及高密度脂蛋白（HDL-C）指标上升,且治疗组各项指标比对照组更优异（P ＜0.05）。结论：心可舒片能显著改善患者血脂、炎症因子以及非靶病变血管粥样硬化斑块的血管内超声（IVUS）影像学指标。     

广西区2008-2011年猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒Nsp2基因的遗传变异分析

为了解广西壮族自治区猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)流行毒株的遗传变异情况,对2008-2011年间来自广西各地的部分PRRSV阳性病料进行Nsp2基因的扩增和测序分析。结果显示,获得的49个毒株均为美洲型,其中46株具有高致病性变异毒株的序列特征,即其Nsp2蛋白缺失第481位和第533～561位aa,其余3株不具有上述缺失,属于PRRSV传统毒株。广西区49个毒株Nsp2基因间核苷酸序列的同源性介于84.8%～99.7%,与VR-2332、CH-1a、HB-1及JXA1株核苷酸序列的同源性分别为80.5%～83.7%、89.7%～92.6%、92.4%～96.3%、92.8%～99.3%,而与LV株核苷酸序列同源性仅为51.0%～53.9%。基于Nsp2基因核苷酸序列所绘制的遗传进化树,可将所有美洲型PRRSV毒株分为4个亚群,广西区的49个毒株有3株分布在以HB-1株为代表的Ⅲ亚群,46株分布在以JXA1株为代表的Ⅳ亚群。表明,当前广西区PRRSV流行毒株均为美洲型毒株,并且以Ⅳ亚群为优势基因亚群,各毒株间的Nsp2基因序列存在一定的差异,但没有明显的地域特征。     

高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒HBR株不同代次水平的毒力比较试验

为了阐明高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)HBR毒株在体外传代过程中发生的毒力及遗传变异情况,采用第5、10和125代PRRSV-HBR株病毒进行了人工感染试验。结果显示,低代次(第5和第10代)病毒接种组可复制出以"高热综合征"为特点的症候群,第5代毒株感染组死亡率达40%(2/5),第10代感染组症状明显减轻且无死亡,第125代毒株感染组基本无临床症状。这3个代次的毒株感染组于感染后第3天检测病毒血症呈阳性,第7～14天到达高峰,第125代于第21天消失,较第5和10代毒株提前1周。病毒感染后抗原主要分布于脾、扁桃体、淋巴结等组织,第5和10代毒株感染组脏器出现严重的病理损伤,第125代毒株感染组仅见轻微病理损伤。对3个代次毒株的ORF5、ORF6和ORF7测序显示,仅在ORF5出现了3个氨基酸位点突变,即第29位:第5、第10代的缬氨酸到了第125代变为丙氨酸;第32位:第5、第125代的丝氨酸到了第10代变为甘氨酸;第196位:第5、第10代的谷氨酰胺到了第125代变为精氨酸。研究表明,低代次毒株能够完全复制出典型的"猪高热综合征",而高代次毒株无明显临床症状,证明该毒株经细胞传代后毒力下降。高代次毒株感染动物仍能够引起毒血症和持续感染的结果表明,高代次毒株仍具一定毒力,作为疫苗种毒需要进一步毒力弱化。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒GP5蛋白糖基化位点缺失突变株的构建

以含有猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)VR-2332株全长感染性cDNA克隆的质粒pVR2332为模板,通过融合PCR方法扩增GP5蛋白第34、51位天冬酰胺糖基化位点缺失的突变序列,替换pVR2332质粒中编码GP5蛋白的DNA片段,分别获得重组质粒pVR-N34A、pVR-N51A。在体外转录后转染BHK-21细胞,转染后第48小时收集细胞接种Marc-145细胞,进行突变病毒的拯救。然后通过RT-PCR扩增拯救病毒GP5蛋白的编码序列,序列分析显示构建正确。间接免疫荧光试验证明拯救病毒能够正常表达GP5蛋白。同时,中和试验结果初步表明GP5糖基化位点缺失影响PRRSV与中和抗体的反应。猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒GP5蛋白不同糖基化位点缺失突变株的获得将为进一步揭示GP5蛋白糖基化与诱发机体免疫反应之间的关系奠定基础。