Explaining the immigration policy mix: Countries' relative openness to asylum and labour migration

Western democracies have developed complex policies to manage migration flows. Much of the scholarly literature and political discourse assume that countries have become increasingly selective and that they prioritise economic intakes. Despite clear efforts by policymakers to distinguish between refugees and migrant workers, we know surprisingly little about how countries combine different policy dimensions and which factors shape their relative openness to different target groups. In this article, we shed light on how countries combine two of the main admission channels, asylum and labour migration, by introducing the concept of the ‘immigration policy mix’. A comparative analysis of 33 OECD countries between 1980 and 2010 examines the pattern and drivers behind their immigration policy mix: Does the policy mix follow a pattern of convergence, is it subject to political dynamics or is it path dependent? The results reveal that despite a shift in political sympathies from asylum to labour migration, countries' immigration policy mixes have strongly converged into more liberal policies overall. The immigration policy mix primarily reflects governments’ limited room to manoeuvre due to competing political pressures. These insights demonstrate that the immigration policy mix serves to enhance our understanding of countries’ complex regulation of immigration.     

The impact of after‐school programs on the routine activities of middle‐school students: Results from a randomized,controlled trial*

Research Summary Unsupervised after‐school time for adolescents is a concern for parents and policymakers alike. Evidence linking unsupervised adolescent socializing to problem behavior outcomes heightens this concern among criminologists. Routine activities theory suggests that, when youth peer groups congregate away from adult authority, both opportunity for and motivation to engage in deviant acts increase. After‐school programs are a possible solution to unsupervised teen socializing during afternoon hours and are much in demand. However, empirical research has yet to test the relationship between the availability of after‐school programs and youth routine activities. This study presents evidence from a multisite, randomized, controlled trial of an after‐school program for middle‐school students in an urban school district. Policy Implications Youth in the treatment group engaged in less unsupervised socializing after school than youth in the control group but not as much less as would be expected if the after‐school program was providing consistent supervision to youth who would otherwise be unsupervised. Additional analyses examined why the influence of the after‐school program was not more pronounced. We found that, although program attendance was related to decreases in unsupervised socializing, the program did not attract many delinquency‐prone youths who were unsupervised, which suggests that the students most in need of the program did not benefit. Furthermore, data obtained from a mid‐year activity survey revealed that youth in the study were highly engaged in a variety of after‐school activities. The addition of the after‐school program into the mixture of available activities had little effect on the frequency with which students participated in organized activities after school.     

生活方式与犯罪治理

人们的日常行为中存在一定的常规和模式,且行为具有一定的重复性和可预测性,这些惯常的行为就使行为人有了通常的生活方式和行为方式。其中一些生活方式和行为方式由于增加了潜在受害的危险而更容易激发犯罪。犯罪治理是一种国家、社会、个人基于价值判断和选择而应为的社会治理方略;是打击犯罪、控制和预防犯罪的统称。犯罪治理活动是人类社会实施社会控制的基本方式之一。如何组织对犯罪的治理,这是人类面临的一个永恒的社会问题。正是由于二者的这些特性,为生活方式这一社会学的理论范畴引入犯罪学提供了可能。     

论市场信息在山西企业产品结构调整中的作用

市场信息是企业组织生产的先导 ,是企业联系市场的媒介。山西在企业产品结构调整中 ,也必须注重市场信息的需求     

Crime Trends in Western Europe from 1990 to 2000

This paper analyses the evolution of police recorded crime rates for nine offences (intentional homicide, assault, rape, robbery, theft, vehicle theft, burglary, domestic burglary, and drug offences) over the period 1990–2000 in 16 Western European Countries. The analysis shows that there was an increase in drug and violent offences, while property offences reached a peak at the beginning of the 1990s and started decreasing afterwards. The evolution of property offences can be related to the emergence of a large black market for stolen goods in Central and Eastern Europe at the beginning of the time series, while by the end of it that market was saturated and there had also been a reinforcement of police measures in the frontiers and of security measures in Western European households. The increase in drug offences is correlated to the rise of drug use in Europe shown by other indicators, and can be related to an increased availability of drugs in European markets. Finally, the upward trend in violent offences can be explained partially by gang struggles over the control of illegal markets and by the consolidation of problematic neighbourhoods, but seems also due to a large extent of increase in the reporting of violent offences by their victims and the recording of such offences by the police. The analysis shows that opportunity-based theories provide a satisfactory explanation of the trends in recorded crime, and that the crime opportunities are heavily influenced by socio-economical factors.Versions of this paper were presented at the 3rd Annual Conference of the European Society of Criminology (Helsinki, August 27–30, 2003) and at the Societies of Criminology 1st Key Issues Conference (Paris, May 13–15, 2004). The paper was written during a stay at the Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law (Freiburg imBreisgau, Germany) made possible through the support of Swiss National Science Foundation     

从进出口商品结构看黑龙江省企业参与对俄经贸科技合作问题

对近20年来黑龙江省对俄贸易商品结构的分析,可以看到黑龙江省对俄经贸合作中更深层次的问题,即生产型企业特别是对全省经济发展有影响的骨干企业没有或较少参与,使对俄经贸对黑龙江省经济发展的牵动作用难以显现。为改变这种状况,应采取措施支持和引导省内企业参与对俄经贸合作。     

完善刑事执行程序若干问题的探析

随着依法治国和司法体制改革进程的深入发展,现行《刑事诉讼法》在司法实践中发挥了积极作用。但基于社会形势与刑事政策的变革,司法实践中积累的新经验、国际刑事司法交流协作发展的新趋势等,对现行《刑事诉讼法》也提出了新挑战。尤其是“执行”程序的立法空白、不足、冲突等体制性“硬伤”,从立法层面上造成诉讼实践中执行程序与其他诉讼程序的不对称,彰显法律支撑不足,以致司法层面出现“重审判、轻执行”,“重惩罚、轻改造”等不良现象。因此,亟待通过立法修订,进一步完善有关执行程序的法律规范,提高诉讼效益,实现诉讼目的。     

What Distinguishes Single from Recurrent Sexual Victims? The Role of Lifestyle‐Routine Activities and First‐Incident Characteristics

An unsettling reality is that a substantial proportion of women who have been sexually victimized are recurrent victims who experience more than one sexual victimization while young adults. What is not well understood is why some women experience a single sexual victimization whereas others experience recurrent sexual victimizations. Using a sample of 4,399 college women from the National College Women Sexual Victimization study, we examine lifestyle‐routine activities and first‐incident characteristics that could place women at risk of being recurrent sexual victims during an academic year. Our results show that none of the lifestyle‐routine activities variables differentiated single and recurrent victims; the factors that predicted being a single victim are similarly predictive of being a recurrent victim. However, women who used self‐protective action during the first incident reduced their likelihood of being a recurrent victim. Implications for the development of sexual victimization risk‐reduction and prevention programs are also discussed.     

财产权的入宪路径与民主检验

财产权入宪有近代与现代两条路径,它们在理论基础、适用原则、补偿基准等方面存在较大的差异。近代路径采取绝对保障模式,虽然在一定的历史阶段繁荣了经济、促进了自由,但在现代背景下其越发凸显出反民主多数的原罪难题。现代路径对近代路径进行了民主检验,采取相对保障模式。为实现财产权与民主多数的和谐,现代路径重构了财产权制度之目的、扩展了警察权力的范围、创立了宽松的司法审查基准。中国现处于社会主义初级阶段,近代课题与现代课题相互交融,在财产权入宪问题上,宜采取具有中国特色的混合路径。     

多手段并用型"套路贷"犯罪若干问题探析

多手段并用型"套路贷"犯罪是一种以非法占有被害人财产为主导、采用多种违法犯罪手段逐步实施、实现侵财目的的犯罪,其侵犯的法益应表述为"必要法益+选择法益"。其中,侵犯财产权的必要法益具有构成"套路贷"犯罪与否的定性功能;侵犯"经济、社会生活秩序"的选择法益是在行为符合"为非作恶,欺压百姓"标准的基础上判断"套路贷"犯罪主体是否恶势力的重要因素。对于多手段并用型"套路贷"犯罪的数罪处断,应将法益标准与数罪关系结合起来考虑,即首先应根据"套路贷"犯罪侵犯的必要法益对个罪进行分类,然后再考虑个罪之间的数罪关系确定处断规则,从而作出择一重罪处断或数罪并罚的选择。