Citizen's psychological knowledge,legal knowledge,and attitudes toward participation in the new Japanese legal system,saiban-in seido

A new procedure, saiban-in seido, was introduced in the Japanese criminal court in 2009.1 1. This article was written before the Saiban-in seido started. A mixed tribunal of three professional judges and six lay people selected from a list of voters deliberate the verdict in serious criminal cases such as murder, rape, and arson. This study researched lay people's attitudes toward the new system, their psychological knowledge (e.g. the reliability of eyewitness testimony) and legal knowledge (e.g. ‘presumed innocent’), and the relationship between attitude and knowledge. Study 1 examined the responses of 294 citizens to a questionnaire; 90 responses were examined in Study 2 (both samples consisted of two age groups, i.e. (1) 20s and (2) 40s and 50s, and two education levels, i.e. (1) college or below and (2) university or more. In both studies, respondents showed concerns about their lack of ability and knowledge to become a lay judge. Although legal knowledge was related to attitude – i.e. the more legal knowledge, the less negativity – no relationship was found between psychological knowledge and attitude. Relevant support for citizens to become lay judges was discussed.     

The third wave: mixed migration from Zimbabwe to South Africa

Migration from Zimbabwe has recently been described as an archetypal form of “mixed migration” in which refugees and migrants are indistinguishable from one another. This paper argues that such a state-centred understanding of mixed migration oversimplifies a far more complex reality and fails to adequately account for the changing nature of Zimbabwean out-migration. Based on data from three separate Southern African Migration Programme (SAMP) surveys undertaken in 1997, 2005 and 2010 at key moments of transition, the paper shows how the form and character of mixed migration from the country has changed over time. The country’s emigration experience since 1990 is divided into three periods or “waves”. The third wave (roughly from 2005 onwards) has seen a major shift away from circular, temporary migration of individual working-age adults towards greater permanence and more family and child migration to South Africa. Zimbabwean migrants no longer see South Africa as a place of temporary economic opportunity for survival but rather as a place to stay and build a future for themselves and their families.     

Electoral coordination in mixed‐member systems: Does the level of democratic experience matter?

A number of institutional and non‐institutional factors hamper electoral coordination and, hence, increase party system fragmentation in the nominal tier of mixed electoral systems. Contrary to expectations, the number of electoral parties is not lower in all old democracies. Nevertheless, the level of democratic experience modifies the effect of other variables like the type of mixed electoral system or the closeness of the races. Econometric tests evaluate this phenomenon in a diverse sample of 15 countries and a total of 57 elections with more than 10,000 observations at the district level.     

行政因素介入民事诉讼的程序性探析

民事、行政诉讼交叉案件,是在法律事实彼此相关联,在程序处理上交互影响或者互为前提的民事诉讼与行政诉讼案件。民行交叉案件种类繁多,这里主要研讨以民事争议为主、行政问题作为附带问题的案件和民事争议与行政争议并重案件的程序处理问题。尝试从赋予民事审判庭对相关行政行为一定的司法审查权的角度,借鉴日本当事人诉讼制度解决目前我国司法现状面临的诉讼瓶颈。     

精子富集柱分离技术的研究

目的在传统差异裂解法基础上,研究建立新的混合斑检材中精子分离技术。方法根据精细胞的结构特点,研制精子富集柱。取混合斑检材经第一步消化后的混合液,加入精子富集柱中离心,使DNA等小分子物质透过,而精细胞被特异性黏附和拦截在富集层中。采用本文技术和常规裂解方法对12份混合斑检材中精子进行分离,分离后精子DNA采用Identifiler试剂盒进行PCR扩增和电泳检测。结果混合斑检材经精子富集柱分离后均获得单一男性精子的STR分型结果,而12份检材用常规裂解方法分离,其中有6份检材女性成分去除不完全或未能检出精子STR基因型。结论本研究建立的精子富集柱分离技术适用于常见混合斑检材中精子的分离,特别适合对含有大量女性混合物而精子量较少检材的分离提取。     

Forensic utility of the mitochondrial hypervariable region 1 of domestic dogs, in conjunction with breed and geographic information

The 608-bp hypervariable region 1 (HV1) sequences from 36 local dogs were analyzed to characterize the population genetic structure of canid mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Sixteen haplotypes were identified. A 417-bp segment of this sequence was compared with GenBank sequences from a geographically representative sample of 201 dogs, two coyotes, and two wolves. Sixty-six haplotypes were identified including 62 found only in domestic dogs. Fourteen of these correspond to the 16 local haplotypes and were among the most frequent haplotypes. The local sample was judged to be representative of the much broader geographic sample. No correlation was observed between local haplotypes and the owner's characterization of dog breed. A 60-bp variation "hotspot" within the canid HV1 was identified as a potentially valuable molecular tool, particularly for assaying limited or degraded DNA samples.     

杨梅素混合胶束的研制及其体外表征研究

目的 研制载有杨梅素（myricetin,Myr）的聚乙二醇-聚乳酸（polyethylene glycol-polylactic acid, mPEG-PLA）/Pluronic F68混合胶束（mixed micelles,MMs),并对Myr-MMs进行表征及体外释放研究。方法 通过丙酮溶剂挥发法研制Myr-MMs,以单因素及L9(34)正交实验优化处方及其工艺;并对制得的载药MMs的粒径、Zeta电位、外观形态、包封率、载药量和体外释放进行研究。结果 最优处方制得的Myr-MMs的包封率为（84.65±0.98）%、载药量为（2.73±0.03）%;透射电镜下观察Myr-MMs呈球形或类球形、表面光滑、无粘连;粒径为（41.74±0.27）nm,多分散系数为0.115±0.004;Zeta电位为（－25.47±1.22）mV;体外释放研究发现,MMs体外释药过程近似符合Weibull释药模型：ln(ln(1/(1－Q/100)))=0.927 1lnt－2.057 6（r=0.953 8）。结论 利用丙酮溶剂挥发法成功研制了Myr-MMs,其成型好、粒径小、分布均匀,包封率和载药量均较高;且Myr经mPEG-PLA/Pluronic F68 包裹后其体外释放显示出一定的缓释效果。     

对我国陪审制的理性思考——从比较两大法系国家陪审制生存条件的视角

由于法律传统和人文环境的不同,陪审制在英美法系国家与大陆法系国家以不同的形式存在.英美法系国家实行的是陪审团制,而包括我国在内的大陆法系国家实行的则是参审制.我国不具备陪审团制生存的条件,而参审制式的陪审制的施行绩效又不如人意.面对这一现实状况,我们不能再进行简单的选择和取舍,而应该进行制度的重新架构.     

Incorporating Co-offending in Sentencing Models: An Analysis of Fines Imposed on Antitrust Offenders

Analyses of sentencing (and other criminal justice processes such as the decision to prosecute, plea bargaining, and contact with the police) often use the isolated individual as the unit of analysis. However, the criminal justice system often processes either offenses or court cases rather than persons. If court cases always involved one individual, this would have little impact. However, offenses involving co-offending—two or more persons acting together—comprise a substantial proportion of criminal activity (Reiss, 1980, 1986). Depending on the prevalence of co-offending, it may be very likely that two or more individuals involved in the same case will be selected as members of the same sample of criminal justice or criminological data. Unless it can be shown that both the individual-level variables of co-offenders and their error terms are mutually independent, analyses based on methods such as ordinary least-squares multiple regression would violate the underlying assumptions of such models. However, alternatives to linear models assuming either type of independence are available. Among the most useful of these are mixed models, specifically those assuming compound symmetry. This is illustrated with an analysis of fines imposed on criminally convicted antitrust offenders. These models may yield results which are substantially different than those from models which ignore co-offending. In a model of fines imposed on antitrust offenders, models which ignore co-offending generally overstate both estimates and statistical significance of offense-level variables and understate those of offender-level variables.     

中国特色社金主义理论钵系科学性橼

判断理论体系科学性可以依循规律性标准、逻辑性标准和实践性标准。以这个体系作为判断标准对中国特色社会主义理论体系进行分析，可以看到其中包含的三个重大战略思想在各自的理论领域中都正确地揭示了该领域的基本规律；它们有机联系在一起，构成一个彻底的、严整的科学体系；它们都来自实践，在卖践中发展，接受实践的检验。可见，中国特色社会主义理论体系是一个科学的理论体系。