Why are the affluent better represented around the world?

Scholars have discovered remarkable inequalities in who gets represented in electoral democracies. Around the world, the preferences of the rich tend to be better represented than those of the less well-off. In this paper, we use the most comprehensive comparative dataset of unequal representation available to answer why the poor are underrepresented. By leveraging variation over time and across countries, we study which factors explain why representation is more unequal in some places than in others. We compile a number of covariates examined in previous studies and use machine learning to describe which mechanisms best explain the data. Globally, we find that economic conditions and good governance are most important in determining the extent of unequal representation, and we find little support for hypotheses related to political institutions, interest groups or political behaviour, such as turnout. These results provide the first broadly comparative explanations for unequal representation.     

Automated detection and classification of counterfeit banknotes using quantitative features captured by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography

Counterfeiting of banknotes is still a severe crime problem in many countries. One of the most significant issue for solving the crime is to classify the counterfeit types and identify the sources. Most of the current methods to classify counterfeit banknotes rely on manual examination that is time-consuming and labor-intensive. Moreover, these methods only detect surface features which can be easily imitated through advanced printing technology. In this study, an automated method based on optical coherence tomography (OCT) and machine-learning algorithms was proposed to classify different types of banknotes based on the internal features. A spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT) system was employed for sub-surface imaging and quantitative assessment of banknotes. A total of 29 Chinese 100-Yuan banknotes were collected, in which 4 of them were real and 25 of them were counterfeiting by three different printing processes. Each banknote was imaged 10 times in 3 distinct regions, which resulted in a dataset of 290 samples. Each sample was characterized by extracting 2 A-scan (OCT signal intensity along depth) based features and 14B-scan (cross-sectional OCT images) based features. Several machine-learning models, including logistic regression (LR), support vector machines (SVM), K-nearest neighbor (KNN) and random forest (RF), were built and optimized as the classifiers that were trained using 203 samples and applied to predict 87 testing samples. The best performance was achieved by SVM classifier in which the sensitivity of 96.55% and specificity of 98.85% were obtained in discriminating between authentic and counterfeit banknotes, and the sensitivity of 94.67% and specificity of 98.22% were obtained in predicting the types of counterfeit banknotes. These classifiers were also evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study where A-scan and B-scan derived features from OCT images have been used for the detection and classification of different types of counterfeit banknotes.     

公安院校体改生学习价值观对学习投入的影响研究

为考察公安院校体改生学习价值观对学习投入的影响效果,采用《大学生学习价值观量表》和《大学生学习投入量表》对某公安院校2011级210名体改生进行了测量。结果表明:学习价值观及其附属维度与学习投入及其附属维度存在显著的正相关;个人发展、功利性和责任性是学习活力和学习奉献的有效预测变量;个人发展和责任性则是学习专注的有效预测变量。可见,学习价值观与学习投入关系密切,改善学习价值观水平有助于提高学习投入水平。     

90后大学生对大学语文的学习期待及教学策略研究

根据90后大学生对大学语文的学习期待,从探讨语言魅力、哲理智慧、作家人格精神等方面提高其审美鉴赏能力;用课堂演讲等方式提高其口语表达能力;通过征文比赛等第二课堂提高其写作能力;以开拓系列公选课来满足其不同的学习需求并提升其综合能力.大学语文老师要不断探求,加强自身的学习和修养,以适应学生对老师的授课期待,使大学语文教学...     

论建筑物抛掷物、坠落物致害道义补偿责任——兼论建筑物抛掷物、坠落物强制责任保险制度的建立

《侵权责任法》第87条规定的建筑物抛掷物、坠落物致害补偿责任的性质不是侵权责任,也不是公平责任,而是道义补偿责任。该道义补偿责任的适用范围,受到“建筑物”、“抛掷物”或者“坠落物”和“难以确定”三个方面的限制。其责任限制又主要通过抗辩举证、数额确定及责任分担来实现。另外,建议将该道义补偿责任纳入强制责任保险的范畴,并由法定责任主体通过物业费代为征收的方式予以缴纳。     

Public Value in Moral Market: A Case Study of Human Organ Transplantation System

Although public value may be a new paradigm beyond traditional and new public management, some important theoretical questions are still unanswered. These questions could be clarified by the comparison to economic value in free market. Most public values have been ignored and threatened in free market, but they could be partially measured by some methodology. The issue of public value is emerging at the background of market society and so the moral market should be clarified. A human organ transplantation system has been analyzed to show how the public value could be created in a moral market.     

青少年底线道德教育探析

我国青少年道德教育一直实行道德理想主义教育,内容过于理想化而脱离实际。当前青少年底线道德存在诸多问题,需从底线道德教育的生活性、实践性、制度规范和教育方式等方面着手,提高青少年底线道德教育的实效性。     

Bridging the gap: online materials to equip graduate entrants to a law degree with essential subject knowledge and skills

Graduate entrants to law degrees can be disadvantaged by being exempted from Level 4 modules. Many lack the law-specific knowledge and skills that they would have gained from their first-year studies, making it more difficult for them to achieve mastery of higher-level modules. This poses risks to their retention and progression. The Open University Law School sought to bridge this gap by providing optional online “catch-up” materials, including 12 sessions of knowledge-based learning. Each session was followed by a brief Moodle poll so that we could ascertain that session’s fitness for purpose, and which students had studied it. The sessions were highly rated by respondents, and most had been studied in the target time of around 15 minutes. Studying the sessions was statistically associated with academic success. This finding does not prove that the sessions contribute towards student's attaining higher grades, but it is encouraging. Only a small percentage of students studied any sessions, and most of those did not study all of them. Since the sessions met their intended purpose for those who studied them, the Law School has now decided on a range of initiatives designed to increase the number of LLB students who study most of them.     

论高等学校实施性别教育的价值取向与可能性

以建构高等学校德育和专业人才综合素质培养的社会性别向度、彰显性别理论学术研究、规范高等学校性别知识体系建设、将性别教育纳入高师教育主流体系、加强对高等学校实施性别教育的教育行政管理为主要目标;以建构社会性别发展性高等学校德育模式、在高等学校人才培养方案中建构社会性别理论通识教育、在教师教育中实施社会性别意识教育为主要措施,发挥高校教育在促进性别平等发展中的积极作用,将是促进高校教育公平和消除性别歧视的有益探索。     

积极德育理论的四维度分析及其启示

面对道德社会化过程中道德认知必然存在的矛盾,积极德育理论的建构顺应了历史的潮流。作为积极心理学和德育研究交叉结合的时代产物,积极德育包含了心理学和哲学两大理论基础。积极德育理论的建构是在社会环境影响和个体心理内化的共同作用过程中完成的,因此,从教育者、受教育者、二者之间的教育关系以及话语建构四个维度对积极德育理论展开论述对于整个积极德育理论的建构具有宏观的理论和实践意义,因为在积极德育理论的建构过程中,从超语言层面获得实践意义的话语在教育者和受教育者的互动过程中扮演了重要的角色。