刍议我国开征环境税的必要性

环境税是政府通过税收手段矫正市场失灵和政府失灵,实现环境保护和资源保护的一个有效工具。面对着严峻的资源生态环境形势,借鉴发达国家的经验,完善现有的与环境保护有关的税收法律,开征环境税,加强和更多地运用税收手段保护自然环境,有效地协同人与自然的关系,努力实现可持续发展战略,已经显得十分紧迫和必要。     

鼠伤寒沙门菌yibT基因缺失株的构建及其生物学特性分析

为了探讨yibT基因对鼠伤寒沙门菌生物学特性的影响,采用λ-red同源重组技术构建鼠伤寒沙门菌CVCC541的yibT基因缺失株CVCC541ΔyibT,同时利用表达质粒pET28a构建yibT缺失株的基因回补株CVCC541ΔyibT/pyibT,研究野生株、缺失株、回补株之间的生长特性、生化特性、遗传稳定性、生物膜形成和应激环境抵抗力等生物学特性。结果表明,本研究成功构建了yibT基因缺失株CVCC541ΔyibT及其回补株CVCC541ΔyibT/pyibT,yibT基因的缺失不影响细菌的生化特性,该缺失株具有良好的遗传稳定性,但其生长特性较野生株及其回补株显著减缓,生物膜形成能力相较于野生株及其回补株有所减弱,缺失株在热应激环境以及正丁醇压力下表现出更强的耐受力。综上所述,yibT基因的缺失会影响鼠伤寒沙门菌的生长特性、生物膜形成、应激环境抵抗力和细菌形态等生物学特性,并且yibT基因可能影响鼠伤寒沙门菌菌膜的流动性。     

Political Institutions and Pollution: Evidence from Coal‐Fired Power Generation

What is the relationship between political institutions and air pollution generated by the power sector? Here we focus on the association between democracy and power generated from coal, the most polluting of all fossil fuels. Using a new dataset on coal‐fired power plants commissioned between 1980 and 2016 in 71 countries, we find that the relationship between democracy and coal varies according to the environmental Kuznets curve logic. Democratic political institutions at lower levels of economic development are correlated with increased commissioning of coal power plants, as governments seek to appeal to an electorate prioritizing economic growth and affordable energy access. As a country becomes richer, democracy comes to have a negative association with coal power, as clean air becomes a more salient issue for the public.     

谁之环境? 谁之发展?——生态女性主义的议题与难题

20世纪后期的生态危机、贫困女性化、种族压迫加速是工业资本主义父权制所产生的难以避免的恶果。西方发达资本主义社会以抽象化、普遍化的＂环境正义＂与＂可持续发展＂掩盖了生态运动中主体的多样性,遮蔽了现实生活中差异的利益主体,从而无视作为弱势群体的女性已经参与并为多种形式的环境正义运动和持续发展做出的重要贡献。在21世纪,性别平等、环境正义与可持续发展间的关系,是生态女性主义者亟需关注的新议题与新难题。     

宪政伦理视野下的环境正义

以自然主义为指导的传统宪政制度,旨在实现个人权利的保障,突现了人的主体性地位.宪政生态主义的兴起开始由自然权利保障走向环境权利保障.宪政伦理视野下的环境正义是种际正义、代内正义和代际正义的统一,是对人类中心主义、西方中心主义、己代中心主义的超越.     

落实科学发展观完善环境保护立法

以科学发展观为指导,在加快经济发展速度的同时,进一步完善环境保护立法,创新技术实现清洁生产,才能真正改善和保护生态环境,实现人与自然的和谐发展,我国才能走上全面协调可持续的发展道路,最终建成社会主义和谐社会。     

CORPORATE SELF‐POLICING AND THE ENVIRONMENT*

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Self‐Policing Policy (more commonly referred to as the Audit Policy) waives or reduces penalties when regulated entities voluntarily discover, disclose, and correct environmental violations. This study draws upon a rational choice model of corporate crime to determine if traditional regulatory efforts such as inspections and enforcement actions are associated with the odds of disclosing an environmental violation under the Audit Policy. A case control design is used to compare companies that self‐police to companies that do not self‐police. The event group consists of all 551 companies that disclosed at least one environmental violation under the Audit Policy between October 1, 1998 and September 30, 2000. The control group consists of a simple random sample of 551 companies that did not use the Audit Policy but were discovered to have violated at least one environmental law during the same time period as the event group. There is no evidence that inspections and enforcement increase Audit Policy use. However, the results do suggest, first, that the Audit Policy is more likely to be used by large companies than by small companies and, second, that it is likely to be used for reporting violations as opposed to more serious emissions or permit violations. In terms of public policy these findings suggest that regulatory agencies such as the EPA can do relatively little to increase the self‐policing of environmental violations.     

Honesty in Environmental Compliance Games

This note investigates the consequences of honesty in a compliance game involving polluting firms and an environmental agency. Two enforcement schemes with or without self-reporting of behavior are considered. First, we show that non intervention may become optimal when the proportion of honest polluters is large enough but still inferior to one. Secondly, the increase in the number of honest polluters has striking ambiguous effects on pollution and social welfare. Indeed, we give examples in which an increase in the proportion of honest polluters leads to an increase in the number of non compliant polluters or a decrease in social welfare.     

“共同约定行动”与构建和谐劳动关系的调研与思考

“共同约定行动”在协调企业劳动关系方面显现出强大的活力，是企业、职工双方应对金融危机调节劳动关系的特色举措。总结这一活动成功的经验以及存在的问题，有助于危机过后建立长效机制，使“共同约定行动”更加深入有效的持续开展，为构建和谐劳动关系、和谐企业、和谐社会发挥更大的作用。