环境影响评价制度中公共利益与个人利益的冲突及衡量

伴随着中国经济的迅速发展以及城市化进程的加快,环境问题尤其是污染项目环境影响评价和环境行政许可引发的利益冲突日益显现,已成为备受关注的社会热点问题。环境影响评价制度中的公共利益与个人利益都需要保护,如何进行衡量至关重要。在分析环境影响评价制度中公共利益与个人利益内容和冲突原因的基础上,阐明利益衡量原则和方法,提出了完善环境影响评价制度利益衡量机制及对策。     

回顾与反思:后代人权利论源流考

全球性环境危机和各种环境保护思想为后代人权利理论提供了目的性的环境要素,二战以后自由主义思想的复兴直接为后代人权利理论输送了工具性的权利要素,在此基础上,后代人权利理论得以产生。后代人权利理论在全球环境危机的话语背景下逐步从理论主张向实践领域延伸,在世界范围内产生了广泛的影响。后代人权利理论的发展具有四个方面的逻辑内涵,而要获得进一步的发展,还有许多问题亟待人们去解决。     

The European Union in global environmental governance: Leadership in the making?

For well over a decade, the European Union (EU) has proclaimed its leadership role in global environmental governance (GEG). In this article, we examine both the nature of its leadership and the underlying conditions for ‘actorness’ upon which leadership must depend. The EU’s record in the global conferences as well as its influence on the reform of the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) are also investigated. We argue that the EU has frequently sought to shape international environmental negotiations and promote sustainable development as an organising principle of global governance. Despite its inadequate status at the UN and internal problems, it has had a significant effect on the global agenda. However, due to persistent diplomatic opposition from other coalitions, its real, directly visible influence has been more modest. For genuine directional leadership, which goes beyond the defence of self-interest, the Union will have to make internal policy coherence a greater priority. Moreover, apart from relying solely on its weighty presence in the international system or its potential capabilities, the EU needs to achieve a high level of credibility in order to enhance its powers of persuasion.

Norway in UN environmental policies: ambitions and influence

This is a study of Norway’s ambitions for influencing UN environmental policies and then on the scope for impact. On the whole, it is clear that Norway has not been particularly successful in its general efforts at strengthening UNEP. These proposals have failed, due mainly to opposition from key states. Norway is after all a minor player in global governance issues, even in those pertaining to the environment. Norway has been more successful in efforts that indirectly strengthen UNEP, by supporting UNEP in initiating new MEAs. We found three main factors that help to explain why Norway has a relatively high level of influence at the international environmental arena compared to its size. First, there is a relatively straightforward domestic decision-making process with little conflict. Second, Norwegian officials and NGOs possess considerable expertise in these issues, adding to the intellectual leadership role of Norway in pushing for new principles and international legislation through UNEP. Third, Norway is sometimes able to join forces in environmental alliances with other like-minded countries. This would seem to carry the widest scope for increasing impact.

俄罗斯的环境保护与立法权

从20世纪90年代起,俄罗斯开始进行积极的生态立法活动,经过十几年的积累,形成了独具俄罗斯特色的生态法律体系及立法特点,积累了丰富的立法经验。其中关于生态立法一体化以及其他立法的生态化趋向,彰显了俄罗斯生态立法中人与自然和谐统一的生态立法理念和价值诉求。但是,现行俄罗斯生态立法中也存在着立法活动与宪法原则不衔接的问题,而构建协调合理的生态法律体系,必须以能否遵守、实现和维护公民的良好环境享有权作为唯一评判标准。     

论版权国际保护的发展趋势

TRIPS的生效和以网络电子技术为主导的新技术革命的冲击 ,使得版权的国际保护呈现出了由双边体制向多边体制发展、由传统文化领域进入国际贸易领域的跨领域发展、由以国民待遇原则为基础向实质性互惠方向发展的新特点 ,并且出现了版权国际保护与科学技术发展的联系愈来愈紧密的趋势。     

论中国环境公益诉讼制度之原告选择

环境公共利益主体和内容的不明确,加剧了实践中对环境公共利益受损不能实施有效救济的困境,建立环境公益诉讼制度是对环境公共利益受损实施救济的必要条件。建立环境公益诉讼制度的最核心问题是明确环境公益诉讼的原告主体范围。应确立限定性二元原告主体资格机制。环保NGO是环境公益诉讼的最适格原告。应从法律制度设置和运作模式上保障环保NGO参与环境公益诉讼的最优资格。     

整体性治理对我国海洋环境管理体制改革的启示

我国海洋环境管理体制虽经历了多次变革,但由于种种原因,现行的海洋环境管理体制至今还是分散型的。这种分散型管理体制存在诸多弊端,难以适应世界海洋环境管理一体化发展的趋势。本文借鉴西方整体性治理理论,对我国现行海洋环境管理体制现状及存在的问题进行客观的梳理和分析,探讨了今后我国海洋环境管理体制改革的方向,并对今后我国海洋环境治理模式进行了初步构想。     

论法院处理环境纠纷案件中的司法能动

司法能动是法院在案件审理中,不因循先例和遵从成文法的字面含义进行司法解释的一种司法理念以及基于此理念的行动。我国法院在发挥司法能动性,处理环境纠纷案件方面作出了大量努力,为经济社会发展提供了司法保障。但法院在发挥司法能动性处理环境纠纷案件中仍然存在较大的问题。解决这些问题,必须把握法院在环境纠纷案件处理中司法能动的向度,落实司法独立,引导法官正确行使自由裁量权,努力培养环境司法专业人才,发挥法官适用法律的能动性。     

环境法认识论上的四个“风向标”

法学界尤其是环境法学界在对环境法的基本目标、逻辑基础、基本定位、价值追求这四个方面的认识问题上存在着较大的分歧.即:环境法是以生态环境保护为目标的法,还是以经济发展为目标的法?是以权力为逻辑基点构建的法,还是以权利为逻辑基点构建的法?是只以当代人的利益为本位的法,还是也包括以未来世代人的利益为本位的法?是以人类利益中心主义为核心价值观的法,还是以生态利益整体主义为核心价值观的法,还是以相对人类利益中心主义兼顾生态整体利益为核心价值观的法?尽管目前世界环境保护活动带有社会实验的性质,但这四个认识上的分歧在相当程度上影响着环境法的未来发展方向或路径,因而成为影响或决定环境法未来发展方向或路径的四个“风向标”.就这四个“风向标”而言,环境法应该是以生态环境保护为基本目标的法、以公民环境权为逻辑基点构建起来的法、以当代与未来世代人的利益为本位的法以及以相对人类利益中心主义兼顾生态整体利益为核心价值观的法.