Rules of military retaliation and their practice by the state of Israel

A major issue intriguing students of international relations is determining to what extent, if at all, do norms and standard operating procedures (SOPs) affect foreign policy. This question is addressed in this article in the case of Israel's policy of military retaliation. Alternative rules of conduct associated with this policy were deduced from strategic and normative arguments presented by Israeli decision‐makers in order to justify military reprisal attacks against Arab countries. These rules of conduct were then formulized into hypotheses and empirically tested with the aid of a database that contained daily accounts of Arab and Israeli acts of aggression towards each other between 1949 and 1982. In this manner it was possible to identify different decision rules that dominated Israel's reprisal policy at different periods of time.     

文化生态安全:国家文化安全现代性的新认知系统

生态问题是当今人类社会面临的最具普遍性的存在性问题和可持续发展问题。人类社会发展的一切问题都与生态问题有关,文化也不例外。当全球进入后真相、后西方、后秩序时代的时候,国家文化安全现代性构成了关于国家文化安全认知系统的新生态特征。文化生态安全是这一现代性的表征。文化生态构成的多重二元结构是文化生态安全构成的结构方式。内部性与外部性文化关系冲突是引发文化生态危机和国家文化安全危机的原因。塑造良好的外部文化环境和内部文化环境是维护和实现国家文化安全的重要文化生态保障。文化多样性是文化生态的存在形态与结构样式,是文化生态平衡的重要保障机制,文化多样性安全是文化生态安全实现的前提。中国要实现和维护国家文化安全,必须在保护文化遗产和文化资源安全的同时,实现从单一时空领域里的文化安全走向系统整体范畴的文化安全,在生态文明系统整体安全观的基础上,建构国家文化安全现代性的新认知系统。     

多学科视角下的“公共性”研究及其启示

“公共性”研究是现代基层社会治理过程中一个具有关键意义、多学科关注和热议的话题。哲学视角下的“公共性”主要聚焦于对人的存在条件及其实现方式的批判性反思和理性把握;政治学视角下的“公共性”更关注公共权力的合法性来源及公共物品的供给问题;社会学视角下的“公共性”聚焦于结构制约下集体行动内在的“公共意蕴”;城市学科视角下的“公共性”主要聚焦于公共空间的“空间正义”及其社会价值。“公共性”在不同研究领域中拥有共同的理论渊源,多为问题导向的定性研究,是理论与实践密切结合的成果。“公共性”内涵需要随时代发展,“公共性”议题需要推进本土化和学科化,中国“公共性”研究需要拓展国际话语权。     

“蒙面影像特征”引导下的多案串并及实战应用

虽然人工智能在蒙面犯罪行为的智能侦测与自动识别方面有了一些重大突破,但是,在一些复杂环境中或特殊情况下,对蒙面人的智能侦测与自动识别,只是作为一个实验验证,并不能代替视频侦查技术人员的人工审看、手动跟踪及分析研判的最终结果。研究蒙面影像特征引导下的多案串并思路及人工操作方法,一方面有助于跟踪与锁定同一蒙面人连续作案或间歇作案的活动轨迹,另一方面也有助于辨认与比对蒙面以后的人脸特征、行为动作特征、衣着特征、随身物品特征、作案工具特征等。在蒙面犯罪案件的多案串并或个案侦破中,蒙面影像特征跟踪分析法、辨认比对法,以及蒙面影像特征引导下的视频导侦法、多侦联动法,可以作为一种迅速发现侦查线索或寻找案件串并依据的途径与方法。     

略论股东提案权制度

股东提案权是在原有的公司治理结构变化、权利重新分配的条件下提出的，是民主在公司中落实的具体体现和平衡股东之间、股东与经营者之间利益的重要工具，也是完善公司法人治理结构的重要制度。我国《公司法》虽规定了股东提案权，但确显粗糙。需要分析股东提案权的性质、价值、存在问题，完善我国提案权制度。     

An Unusual Case of Multiple‐Gunshot Suicide of an Alcohol‐Intoxicated Cancer Sufferer with Prolonged Physical Activity

Multishot firearm suicides are relatively rare and suggest the possibility of homicide. Physical activity following gunshots to the head, the neck, and the thorax does occur, and immediate incapacitation does not occur in every fatal gunshot wound that penetrates the head or perforates the heart. Cancer patients appear to be at increased suicide risk, but alcohol intoxication is less common in such cases. We present—to the best of our knowledge for the first time—a case of a 54‐year old, male, liver cancer sufferer, who under the influence of alcohol, discharged his revolver three times, suffered, among other wounds, a heart‐perforating wound, and died after c. 1.5 h, being able to talk until just before he died. Our case underlines the importance of keeping an open critical mind when dealing with multiple‐gunshot fatalities, especially when posttraumatic physical activity might be crucial in differentiating homicide from suicide.     

Capture Theory and the Public Interest: Balancing Competing Values to Ensure Regulatory Effectiveness

Problems arise when a regulatory agency acts in the interests of the industry it is charged with regulating, rather than in the public interest. When a governmental agency established to regulate an industry for the benefit of society acts instead for the interests of the industry it is regulating, it has been “captured” by the industry. This article examines the level of input received from the regulated community and the tendency of regulatory agency capture. Here, the proposed zone of effectiveness suggests a balance between the two scopes by incorporating a stronger focus on public interest.     

Managing Public Accountability: How Public Managers Manage Public Accountability

Accountability is of growing importance in contemporary governance. The academic literature on public accountability is fraught with concerned analyses, suggesting that accountability is a problematic issue for public managers. This article investigates how public managers experience accountability and how they cope with accountability. The analysis highlights a number of ways in which public managers do indeed “suffer” from accountability, although, conversely, most of the respondents were able to identify strategic coping mechanisms with which apparently problematic accountability requirements can be converted into practically useful procedures.     

Dual citizenship and sovereignty

Multiple and dual citizenship in the past decades have become widely accepted worldwide. Leading scholars in citizenship studies claim that the growing tolerance of dual citizenship signals the weakening of state sovereignty and the emergence of transnational, post-national or cosmopolitan norms. This paper argues that multiple citizenship standards are neither universally accepted, nor normatively compelling. The cases referred to are intended to demonstrate that contrary to the above assessments, dual citizenship is also used by states to increase their sovereignty, for example promoting national interest abroad through expatriates and trans-border minorities. It is also argued that, in addition to the classical territorial sovereignty- and security-related dilemmas, dual-citizenship policies may violate the norms of democratic equality and popular sovereignty. The paper concludes that the inevitably growing toleration of non-monogamous state-citizen relationships should not be interpreted as a normative justification of promiscuous citizenship policies.     

A harmonized Southeast Asia? Explanatory typologies of ASEAN countries’ strategies to the rise of China

Abstract

In the face of a rising China, some scholars have argued that ASEAN countries will choose to either bandwagon with or balance against China, while others believe they will respond with a more moderate policy known as ‘hedging’. In considering these options, ASEAN countries must take into account their individual interests within the economic and security structure of this region. In this research, we argue that each ASEAN country confronts divergent sets of security and economic relations with China, which play a major role in shaping their policy responses. We can characterize their responses into four quadrants. Each cell can be categorized in terms of a high or low degree of threat perception (HT or LT) from China, as well as a positive or negative economic expectation (PE or NE) with China. We thus hypothesize that ASEAN countries in the HT–NE situation will balance against China; those in the LT–PE situation will bandwagon with China; those in the HT–PE or LT–NE situations will hedge against China. Hypotheses are supported by three case studies, Vietnam–China (HT–NE), Cambodia–China (LT–PE) and Singapore–China (HT–PE) relations.