Displaced Persons,Family Separation and the Work Contract in Postwar Australia

ABSTRACT

This article focuses on the migrant family in postwar Australia. The Commonwealth government’s two-year work contract scheme had significant effects on the initial settlement experience of displaced persons (DPs)—particularly, through the family separation that the contract enforced. Family reunification was afforded in accordance with an occasionally callous and pragmatic concern for maintaining a directable pool of labour. In this regard, the scheme and the available hostels and centres, while extensive in their bureaucracy and administrative reach, were woefully unprepared for the needs and wants of DPs, specifically the need for family unity during the initial settlement process. In drawing on archival sources, this article explores bureaucratic practices, and responses to DP resistance and dismay in the face of family separation.     

论生态视野下的人口增长

人类与自然生态各要素之间相互依存、相互作用、相互制约,人口数量的增长和人类自身的发展必须以自然生态系统的稳定支付能力为基础,即人口的发展速度、消费和人口结构与分布必须与自然资源保持最优比例,实现最佳结合.人类要摆脱人口增长的盲目性和自发性,必须树立以理性为指导的控制自身数量的意识,并付诸实施.     

WTO视野下我国境外就业的相关问题与对策

随着经济全球化的深入和国际分工的演进,我国境外就业规模不断扩大.在"自然人流动"纳入WTO的管辖以后,GATS在"自然人流动"规则谈判中踌躇不前,使我国的境外就业面临特殊困境.因此,我国应以世界服务贸易的自由化为契机,积极推动"自然人流动"规则的调整,以扩大海外投资,提升境外就业人员素质,完善境外就业立法为抓手,促进我国境外就业事业持续、健康发展.     

论中世纪自然法学的神学正义观

中世纪时期的自然法学家们构建了一个以上帝为核心的基督教神学正义观。这种神学正义观的基本理论框架是:从逻辑渊源上看,正义的逻辑渊源是上帝(神的理性);从现实表达来看,正义是一种正当习惯(自然法);从诉求路径来看,正义强调对上帝权威的信仰。中世纪自然法学正义观把古希腊文明中的法律理念以信仰上帝权威的方式推进到近代,为西方法律信仰的形成奠定了深刻的理念之基。     

论国际法上的民族自决与国家主权

如何正确认识民族自决原则与国家主权原则之间的关系 ,是现代国际法中的一项重要课题。民族自决与国家主权之间既是一种相互并存的关系 ,同时又是一种彼此制约的关系。在未来的国家实践中 ,我们既要坚持国家主权原则 ,又要客观、慎重地对待民族自决原则。     

西部自然资源开发利用管理制度及其创新

自然资源的开发利用和管理在西部大开发中占重要地位,是保障大开发战略正常进行并实现预期效果的关键。我国现有相关自然资源管理制度不能完全满足西部大开发的现实需要,制度创新是必然选择。应在坚持完善现有制度的前提下建立资源存量和使用量公示制度、西部资源评估预警制度、自然资源产权制度、使用者资质审查制度、资源区域监督管理目标制度、资源管理行政首长负责制度,建立以区域或者流域为对象的监督管理机制、环境资源使用信息公示制度、环境灾难群众自救制度等。     

读罗尔斯的《政治哲学讲义》——立足于人性看《利维坦》中的社会契约

罗尔斯在他的《政治哲学讲义》中对霍布斯的利维坦给予了高度评价,并主要在世俗系统内对《利维坦》进行了全面的解读。罗尔斯对社会契约的形成过程的分析不是基于神学知识的考虑,而是通过对人性的认知,并以人性为核心,来看待自然状态如何转变为战争状态,以及如何由自然状态下形成订立契约的合意,最终导致自然状态向市民社会的转变。     

Robotic prostheses as products enhancing the rights of people with disabilities. Reconsidering the structure of liability rules

The term ‘robot’ refers to a wide variety of devices, serving very different purposes. The case of robotic prostheses is considered here. After defining such devices, and briefly describing the technical peculiarities that characterize their functioning and distinguish them from traditional implants, their relevance with respect to the fundamental rights of people with disabilities is considered. Pursuant to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, a claim is made that favouring the development of said applications may be required to subscribing states. In light of such considerations, the liability regime – namely that emerging from the Defective Product Directive – is analysed, in the attempt to determine – with a prospective analysis – the impact that said rules are likely to have on their development. The technology-chilling effect and the anticipated extremely complex evidentiary burden the user would have to face in order to obtain compensation lead us to conclude that legal reform is advisable. Some alternatives are considered, and in particular that of the development of a – partially – state-funded no-fault plan, intended to allow more ex ante certainty for producers and researchers (favouring the development of said devices), and prompt and adequate compensation to the victim in case an accident occurs.     

Disability,right to culture and copyright: which regulatory option?

Access to knowledge and participation in cultural life for persons with disabilities has always constituted a tough challenge. Recent studies show that only 5% of published works are available in accessible format, and the number plummets to 1% in developing countries. Coupled with the high costs of production and distribution, and the full reliance on public funds and intervention of public or non-profit organizations, copyright has traditionally represented an additional obstacle on the path for a broader availability of accessible works. Recently, the situation has worsened with the tilting in the balance between rights and exceptions caused by the legislative response to digital threats, when the unprecedented opportunities offered by new technologies to foster accessibility have been largely trumped by copyright law. Still, the last decades have witnessed the beginning of a paradigm shift, originating from the human rights arena, and moving towards a new definition of the interplay between authors’ rights and the right to take part in cultural life, both at a general level and with particular regards to persons with disabilities. This article offers a diachronic overview of the path that, from the rediscovery of Article 15 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights through its General Comments to Article 30 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, has led to the adoption of the Marrakesh Treaty. It then analyses, with a focus on the European Union and its Member States, the national and regional responses to the new human rights obligations, looking at the relations between legislative exceptions and model or collective license agreements. The assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the two main regulatory options lays the groundwork for proposals of further areas of intervention, necessary to fully comply with the international human rights obligations and to achieve the fullest access to and participation in culture possible for persons with disabilities, by using the tools offered by international and national copyright law.     

人本法律观的几点澄清

人本法律观是以人为本位去认识、体验法律,视法律为人所建构出来的人造物,主张法律是人追求美好生活的工具。法是死的,人是活的,有生命的人妥善操作法律,法律才能够发挥其促成人类共生乐活的功能。以人本的立场研究探讨法学,为避免不必要的误解与混淆,可从五个层面释明澄清之:首先是区辨人本与人文、人道的意义;其次从自然法的发展史考察人本自然法是自然法的最新型式,也是第五种自然法;再次强调法律之建构与变迁乃是应人之生活需求,人有如何的想法,就会产生如何的法律;复次说明法治并非人治,是秉人本精神依法治理,法治思维有工具性、社会性、过程性、抽象性、规范性和知识性等六个构成因素;最后,检视人本的法学方法论,循人性以论,一方面是理性与经验之融贯,另一方面则是视之为一种法律实用主义的方法论,采相对价值的伦理观,有其和谐致善的伦理向度,最终极的任务无他,运用法律使人类互惠共生,同享安乐。