我国的刑事证据规则：现状反思与体系建构

尽管我国传统刑事诉讼理论缺少对证据规则的研究,但现行刑事诉讼法和相关的司法解释仍对一些证据的证据资格和证明力做出了规定。这些规定在一定程度上构建了我国刑事证据规则体系的基本框架,为我国刑事证据规则体系的最终确立奠定了坚实的基础。同时,在一定程度上也反映出我国刑事诉讼立法(包括司法解释)对诉讼公正和诉讼效率的追求。但是其不足和缺陷仍是显而易见的,因此,构建完善的刑事证据规则体系具有十分重要的意义。     

"坦白从宽"否定论辨析

“坦白从宽”作为鼓励犯罪人供述的机制,与有罪推定没有关系,在某种意义上还有助于减少刑讯逼供,更是沉默权国家的司法配套机制。“坦白从宽”对提高诉讼效率的积极意义不容忽视。我国将来顺应国际诉讼潮流逐步引进沉默权制度,必须以进一步完善鼓励供述的“坦白从宽”制度为前提。     

论电子证据

电子证据是存储于特殊介质上用于证明案件真实情况的数据信息。它不同于传统的任何一种证据形式 ,具有高度精确性、复合性、脆弱性的特征。从学理和比较法的角度出发 ,在对电子证据的证据能力和证明力进行深入分析的基础上 ,我国应将电子证据列为证据法中的独立的证据形式。     

论同案犯罪嫌疑人、被告人口供的证据价值

同案犯罪嫌疑人、被告人口供是否具有证据价值,我国法学界与司法实践中对此问题存在不同认识。无论是国外法律,还是我国刑诉法的相关理论,都肯定了其证据的价值在于:一、从定案的角度,只有同案人的口供,没有其它证据证实,不能认定被告人有罪;二、从补充证据的角度,同案被告人的口供在任何情意下都具有相应的价值。     

非法证据排除规则诉讼价值的冲突与抉择

非法证据排除规则应确立一个多元化的程序价值体系 ,在具备程序性价值和工具性价值的同时 ,还应尽可能地保证司法资源的合理配置。在不同诉讼价值之间发生冲突时 ,应不将实体真实作为刑事诉讼的唯一目标 ,也不再将“有罪必罚”作为刑事诉讼的最高目标 ,但同时应注意将排除规则对程序公正的追求和对当事人的权利的保护保持在一定限度之内。     

Evidence of Atrocities or Atrocious Use of Evidence: The Controversial Use of Atrocity Film at Nuremberg

This article focuses upon the utilisation of film evidence in criminal proceedings. It describes and evaluates the historical deployment of this type of material at War Crimes Trials, with particular emphasis upon the International Military Tribunal established at Nuremberg, in 1945, in the wake of the Second World War. During this Trial, the prosecution placed reliance upon the film, Nazi Concentration Camps, depicting with graphic realism the horrific barbarism of the Nazi regime. However, this was only made possible by the implementation of innovatory evidential procedures, effectively circumventing the hearsay rule. A comparison is drawn between this, and the current position in England and Wales, following the recent relaxation of the traditional embargo upon hearsay evidence. However, film evidence of the type adduced at Nuremberg may be more prejudicial than probative and should such circumstances arise, the interests of justice may not truly be served. Susan Twist is Senior Lecturer in Law at the Lancashire Law School, University of Central Lancashire. smtwist@uclan.ac.uk. The author was assisted in research for this article by the dissertation of Kellie Goggins.     

共犯被告人之间供述一致定案能力分析——兼析我国刑事诉讼法第四十六条

共犯被告人之间的供述相互印证,但无其他证据佐证能否定案是目前法学界与司法实践中的一个难点.从我国刑事诉讼法第46条的内涵人手,论证该条中的"被告人供述"仅指证明对象被告人本人的供述,共犯被告人供述是该条所说的"其他证据",符合补强证据的要求,共犯被告人供述相互印证的情形下能够定案,而且这也是各国的立法通例.     

未成年人犯罪与家庭环境关系的调查与分析

近期的调查结果表明,未成年人犯罪出现低龄化、团伙化、手段成人化、类型多样化等特点,而家庭环境不良或监督、教育方法不当,是导致未成年人犯罪的一个重要因素。以下五种类型的家庭容易对未成年人产生不良影响:(1)残缺型家庭;(2)教育和抚养方式不良型家庭;(3)家庭条件优越和"经济运行不良"型家庭;(4)父母行为不良型家庭;(5)知识结构不良型家庭。由于家庭与未成年人的天然关系,家庭教育对未成年人较之学校、社会更直接、更有效、更重要,父母的教育态度、行为方式和成长环境对未成年人人格的发展有着决定性影响。     

关于转化型抢劫罪的适用条件

抢劫罪是侵犯财产犯罪中比较严重的犯罪,是刑法打击的重点。《刑法》第269条规定了一种比较特殊的转化型抢劫罪,即由盗窃、诈骗、抢夺行为转化为抢劫罪。文章对转化型抢劫罪成立的前提条件、客观条件和主观条件作了详细的论述,并且认为这三个条件同时具备才能成为转化型抢劫罪。     

Toward an Empirical Approach to Evidentiary Ruling

This paper responds to criticisms/misconstruals of our measure of the maximum probative value of evidence (D. Davis & W. C. Follette, 2002), and our conclusions regarding the potentially prejudicial role of intuitive profiling evidence, including motive. We argue that R. D. Friedman and R. C. Park's (2003) criticisms and example cases are largely based on inappropriate violation of the presumption of innocence. Further, we address the merits of our absolute difference measure of probative value versus those of the Bayesian likelihood ratio championed by D. H. Kaye and J. J. Koehler (2003). We recommend methods for presentation of measures of evidence utility that convey complexities of interdependence between new and existing evidence. Finally, we propose a probable cause standard for admission of potentially prejudicial evidence, dictating that admissibility of such evidence should be contingent upon other substantial evidence of guilt.