论对授权立法中授权行为的监控——各国现制比较及我国现制之反省

要提高授权立法的社会效益,就必须加强对授权行为的规制,明确权力秩序,确立授权禁区。另外, 授权还必须具有明确性, 对立法者必须具有他律和外部制约措施。     

The understanding of the laws and bylaws and the methodology for drafting in the socialist regime

The methodology for drafting is one of the most important concepts in drafting of a policy paper and translating this policy into legislation. Regarding this, it is necessary to know how the legislative drafting developed in the past during the socialist regime, and how it has changed with time after the beginning of the democratic processes of the country. Due to the correct methodology of drafting, we enable a good correct legislation as an important element of good governance, where the concept of law lays on its foundations and the democratic system is the major goal.     

Reforming Indian agriculture and the rise of farmer's protest in India: Tracing the discourse and the way ahead

The Indian government unveiled new farm legislation on September 27, 2020, with the goal of empowering the farming community. According to the government, new farm regulations will reduce the reliance of indigenous farmers on the mandi (market yard) system, which is now in place and is quite exploitative and full of middlemen and legal cartels. The regulations made contract farming lawful with the intention of luring private sector investment in bolstering agricultural supply chains and infrastructure to give farmers better pricing. But these rules are referred to as repressive and anti-farmer by the farming community. Farmers believe that eliminating the mandi system will eliminate the minimum support price (MSP) mechanism and that contract farming will ultimately be damaging, enticing major corporations and private investors to bind them to unfair contracts that will result in exploitation. Farmers' demonstrations have begun as a result in the former territory of the green revolution. In order to determine if the new farm regulations introduced by the central government are indeed beneficial to the rural community or not, the article followed the debate among many academics, policy makers, economists, researchers, stakeholders, and politicians (the government's spokesman). The article's main focus is on analysing the farmers' demand for the new farm rules to be repealed and the economic justification for their opposition. Additionally, it contends that new farm rules will encourage capitalistic farming and endanger the viability of farming communities, particularly small and marginal farms (S&M).     

中国行政执法困境的个案解读

在中国行政执法过程中,政府面临着普遍的“两难困境”,在立法过程中政府立场与民间态度缺乏有诚意的、有效的和充分的沟通,导致政府立场与民间态度的紧张;在执法过程中政府奉行一种“问题化策略”和“运动式执法”,过分迷信强制和制裁的力量而忽视了执法过程中所有参与者制度性的相互学习,故加剧了规则表达和规则实践之间的背反。走出执法困境要求在规则制定过程中,政府立场与民间态度通过制度化机制进行有效的、富有意义的交涉,在执法过程中应采取务实的态度,注重博弈过程中的学习、反思和策略调整。     

论中国古代契约与国家法的关系--以唐代法律与借贷契约的关系为中心

中国古代法律 (如唐代律令 )对契约的规制或指导 ,在总体上是 :部分的民间事务靠习俗调整 ,部分的则由法律调整。国家承认“私契”的地位 ,并承认它的规则。有关借贷契约的法律和契约实践表明 ,契约内容和契约活动是在法律规制下进行的。国家通过受理 (官为理 )、不受理 (官不为理 ) ,表达契约自由的限度 ;并有质物处理、保人责任等程序性的和实体权利义务的设定 ;律令规定往往是相衔接的。但在实践中 ,契约内容对法律又有遵守与抵触两种情形同时存在。在契约的履行方式、利息限制、质物交付与处理、保人代偿等问题上 ,这种冲突都比较明显。契约中还有“抵赦”条款 ,专门应对国家对私人债负的赦免效力问题。     

南朝法制的创新及其影响兼论“南北朝诸律, 北优于南”说不能成立

南朝法制继承了晋律令的内容和体例,但从刘宋时起即开始形成一些新规定。梁、陈二代都制定了律令法典;梁律令在法典编纂体例方面有重要创新,特别是对《晋令》篇目的删修,开后世令典30篇(卷)体例之先河;梁、陈在重要法律制度上亦有许多创新。南朝法制对北周、隋、唐有深刻影响,是隋唐法制的主要渊源之一,在编纂体例和重要制度创新、文明程度及对后世的影响上均不在北朝之下,学界流行的“南北朝诸律,北优于南”说与历史事实不符,不能成立。     

从程序正义到摆平“正义”:法官的多重角色分析

法院如何建构其主体性?是当下中国社会面临的时代之问。在规则之治、程序正义的逻辑下展开运作的司法因其制度刚性有余而操作柔性不足,难以有效回应中国社会仍停留在传统的具体情境,从而遭到实用主义的解构。但是,在调审合一制度路径下游刃有余的实用主义司法哲学实际上亦并不足以构成对法院主体性的命题支撑,甚至可能是更加错误的道路。作为法院主体性的命题表达,能够体现法院明确的司法功能并与其他权力部门相区分的主体特质始终只在于独立的审判。     

论回避宪法判断原则

作为"权利的宣言书",宪法最明快地保护人权,理当在实践中发挥作用.但即使在宪法审查制度发达的国家,法院在引用宪法上也恪守消极主义立场,尽量回避宪法性判断,在法律层面上处理案件,充分尊重普通法律的稳定和立法权的独立.然而法律的制定常受现实的影响,从而忽略宪法的基本原则,如果盲目坚持回避宪法判断的原则,就会姑息纵容损害基本权的立法行为.所以当基本权受到明显的、持续的、严重的侵犯时,各国法院仍会积极适用宪法判断.这一点也值得国内实务界和学术界适当借鉴,以应付以宪法为诉讼依据的案件和事件.     

论跨境环境损害民事责任的法律适用——以冲突规范为研究对象

作为统一实体法规范的国际环境民事责任公约在高度危险活动领域如核能利用、石油污染等发挥着巨大作用,但对于一般环境损害未做任何规定,因此,需要由国内冲突法规范加以调整。由于传统的调整方法——侵权行为地法很难解决当今环境损害中的所有问题,笔者以为在继续追求冲突法正义的同时也应顾及到索赔主体实体利益的保护,于是,有必要考虑新的系属公式如当事人合意选择的法律、对受害人有利的法律等。但仍应赋予侵权行为地法最重要的地位,同时采用选择性冲突规则。     

The price of personalizing politics: Political distrust and economic performance in Latin America, 1996–2006

While research has provided evidence that culture and institutional performance shape individual level trust in political institutions, scholars have neglected to adequately estimate the effect of political institutions and macroeconomic conditions on trust. Using data from the World Value Surveys for eleven Latin American cases, we test if countries with “partyizing” electoral systems - those with rules that encourage voters to hold the party, not individuals, accountable for government performance - experience lower levels of distrust in political parties and the legislature in times of poor economic conditions than those countries with “personalizing” electoral rules. Our analysis shows that the macro political and economic context largely conditions the impact of culture and institutional performance on political trust.