Commercial Choice of Law in Context: Looking Beyond Rome

English courts are frequently criticised for their flexible approach to the finding of implied choice and the use of the escape clause in the context of the Rome I Regulation/Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations. This paper argues that such criticism is misplaced. Based on empirical evidence, the article shows that those choice of law decisions are directly influenced by their procedural context and respond to the need to balance the multiple policy issues generated by international commercial litigation. In particular, English decisions need to be assessed in light of three distinct factors: the standard of proof required at different stages of the procedure in England, the national policy to promote England as a center for commercial dispute resolution and the incentives to export English law in certain strategic industries. The use of implied choice and the escape clause to achieve these ends constitutes a legitimate practice that does not frustrate the aims of the EU choice of law regime.     

惩罚性赔偿适用中的责任竞合问题研究

惩罚性赔偿是一种赔偿数额超出实际损害数额的赔偿形式。它本来源于英美法系,1993年我国《消费者权益保护法》引入这一赔偿制度,并在《合同法》、《食品安全法》、《侵权责任法》等法律中得到进一步的确定。可以说,我国关于惩罚性赔偿的法律规定已经形成一个条文集团。这些众多的法律条文在适用上会遭遇到责任竞合问题,即几部法律同时适用于同一个行为的情形。然而,一个行为不可能被多次追诉,否则会有违禁止多重追诉的法治原则。从公私法划分的角度,惩罚性赔偿在适用上可能出现的责任竞合情形包括两大类：一是在私法内部的责任竞合问题;二是惩罚性赔偿与公法上的惩处相竞合的问题。针对不同性质的竞合问题,应当采用不同的竞合原则。     

INTERNATIONAL BUFFET AT THE VICTORY CAFE OF THE GRAND METROPARK YUANTONG HOTEL BEIJING

正Victory Cafe is on the third floor of Gsand Metropark Yuanfong Hotel Beijing, where is next to the subway station on western second Ring Road.It serves international buffet dinner from f}nondays to Saturdays the buffet provides。abundant choice of food including sedfood     

理性选择理论视角下的大学生择业问题研究

大学毕业生步入选择职业的道路后，择业过程中往往会遇到很多困难。大学生应当运用经济社会学的理性选择理论，分析择业难的原因，理性分析当前的就业环境，完善自身，增强择业保障。     

政府提供公共产品的逻辑探讨

随着市场化造成的负外部性日益增多以及人们普遍的交往和生活的富裕,人们对公共产品的要求也在同步提高。政府在公共产品提供中承担主要责任,但在制度设计有缺陷的情况下,公共产品的提供往往是无效率的。这种无效率的公共产品提供又总会成为众矢之的。从多中心的视角改革传统的公共产品政府提供机制,引导市场主体和非营利组织参与公共服务的竞争性生产,提高公共产品的产出效率,将是政府治道变革非常迫切的现实任务。     

全球化背景下中国特色社会主义道路选择的世界意义

中国特色社会主义道路是在全球化进程中形成和发展起来的,目的是使中国在社会主义基础上实现现代化。这条道路的选择具有重要的世界意义:它为广大发展中国家提供了一种有别于西方的发展模式,为社会主义国家巩固、建设和发展社会主义提供了成功的范例,同时还向人类表明:社会主义是必由之路、社会主义优于资本主义,从而在国际共产主义运动处于低潮时期,展现了社会主义无限光明的前景。     

The wisdom of crowds design for sensitive survey questions

Survey research on sensitive questions is challenging because respondents often answer untruthfully or completely refuse to answer. Existing indirect questioning techniques address the problem of social desirability bias at the expense of decreasing estimates' efficiency. We suggest the Wisdom of Crowds survey design that does not pose a tradeoff between anonymity and efficiency as an alternative. We outline the conditions necessary for the technique to work and test them empirically. Moreover, we compare the Wisdom of Crowd estimate of a right-wing populist party's vote share to alternative indirect questioning techniques' estimates as well as to the official election result in the 2017 German federal election. Provided its conditions are met, the Wisdom of Crowds design performs best in terms of both bias and efficiency. We conclude that the Wisdom of Crowds design is an important addition to social scientists' survey methodology toolbox.     

Immigrant influx and generational politics: A comparative case study of Hong Kong and Taiwan

Studies have long shown the existence of an age gap in voting behavior. We argue that the influx of immigrants can influence the size of this gap. Young people can become more apprehensive toward immigrants than older people because of the former's greater exposure to more competition from immigrants in the labor market and susceptibility to anti-immigrant sentiments in society. The age gap in attitudes toward immigrants can carry over to vote choice. We illustrate our argument with a comparative study of Hong Kong and Taiwan. While the two societies share many similarities, Hong Kong has experienced a significantly larger influx of immigrants from mainland China. Based on two election surveys in 2016, we find a distinct generational gap in attitudes toward immigrants in Hong Kong, but not in Taiwan. The age gap in Hong Kong also manifests itself in electoral support of China-resisting political parties.     

Lingua franca fever: sceptical remarks

The policy push in favour of fostering a global lingua franca has shed overtly imperialistic underpinnings and been recast, but many of the same objections can be levelled at new attempts to justify an old policy. Efforts to explain the impetus towards linguistic uniformity through rational choice theory obscure the power dynamics behind choice of language in multilingual contexts. Invoking democratic engagement as a benefit of uniformity overestimates the role of linguistic diversity as a drag on participation and ignores more important forces. A focus on equality of opportunity and social mobility through lingua franca competence as justification for the policy reveals a shallow conception of equality and underplays the long-term consequences for non-lingua franca communities were equality of opportunity for individuals to be taken seriously. Finally, seeing the justice issues that arise out of competition between languages as one of ensuring adequate compensation to the losers underscores how thin is the conception of equality animating the approach; it purchases an inadequate level of equal opportunity for individuals at the expense of inequality amongst language communities.     

析外币债务判决中的Miliangos规则

法院地货币/违约日规则曾经被认为是英美法系外币债务判决中的基本原则,并且对很多大陆法系国家产生重要影响,这种状况一直持续到1975年英国上议院的Miliangos案才发生改变。Miliangos案以后的一系列案件将外币债务判决的Miliangos规则发展成为:法院可以用外国货币作出判决,或者按照实际支付日的汇率,折算成本国货币判决。在对Miliangos规则的确立、完善及其发展变化进行详尽阐述的基础上,可以对该规则进行有意义的评价和分析。