GATS第一案——“美国赌博案”评析

“美国——赌博案”由于第一次导致了对GATS的基本结构和数项重要规定的适用和解释,无疑构成真正意义上的GATS第一案。综观此案,上诉机构的裁决有以下几点需要引起我们足够的重视:上诉机构对GATS第16条第2款的a项和c项项下的市场准入做出了较宽泛的解释,可能使成员方的许多国内规制措施构成对市场准入的限制;发展了第14条中的必要性标准,缓释了被诉方满足必要性标准的举证责任;对第14条总括性规定中的“歧视性”问题给予了进一步的明确和确立。     

性骚扰是性别歧视吗:一个法理的追问

在美国的法律制度框架下,职场性骚扰属于1964年《民权法案》第七章所禁止的性别歧视行为。从规范法学的角度看,法院一开始并不接受性别歧视学说,后来因为逐步认定了性骚扰必然会涉及对受害人性别的选择这一事实,所以认为性骚扰属于性别歧视范畴。从法理学的角度,以麦金农等为代表的女性主义法学家建构了性与性别霸权的关系。同时,学者们认为司法上性骚扰的认定出现了性欲主导模式,既存在规制过窄的问题,对无关乎性的性别骚扰过于忽视;又有规制过度的问题,反性骚扰话语与科层制反性管理话语相结合,对职场进行了过度管制。因此,有一种学说希望把性骚扰建构为维持性别刻板的工具。对于性骚扰到底错在哪里的追问,可以让我们反思侵权法模式与反歧视模式法的利弊得失。     

选举权上的差别对待和农民的“国民待遇”——兼论《选举法》再次修改的必要性

农业人口选举权是城市居民的1/4,这是他们的人均收入不足城市居民的1/4、政府对基层农村卫生经费投入人均不到城市的1/4,以及农民在其他方面长期没有享受到“国民待遇”的重要原因之一。而要给农民以“国民待遇”,必须重视选举权对改变农民弱势地位的重要作用,同时相信中国农民的民主能力。在将来再次修订《选举法》时,凡是对农业人口有歧视规定的条文,都在必要修改之列。     

A Meta-Analysis of Race and Sentencing Research: Explaining the Inconsistencies

Numerous studies have addressed the question: Are African-Americans treated more harshly than similarly situated whites? This research employs meta-analysis to synthesize this body of research. One-hundred-sixteen statistically independent contrasts were coded from 71 published and unpublished studies. Coded study and contextual features are used to explain variation in research findings. Analyses indicate that African-Americans generally are sentenced more harshly than whites; the magnitude of this race effect is statistically significant but small and highly variable. Larger estimates of unwarranted disparity are found in contrasts that examine drug offenses, imprisonment or discretionary decisions, do not pool cases from several smaller jurisdictions, utilize imprecise measures, or omit key variables. Yet, even when consideration is confined to those contrasts employing key controls and precise measures of key variables, unwarranted racial disparities persists. Further, a substantial proportion of variability in study results is explained by study factors, particularly methodological factors.     

The Rise and Fall of Political Engagement among Latinos: The Role of Identity and Perceptions of Discrimination

This study analyzes how perceptions of discrimination against oneself and/or one’s group and whether one self-identifies in national (American), national origin, or panethnic terms affect levels of political engagement among Latinos in the United States. The findings show that perceptions of discrimination against oneself are particularly damaging in that they promote both behavioral and attitudinal alienation (e.g., non-voting and lack of trust), especially among Latinos who identify primarily as American. Behavioral alienation can be mitigated, and even overcome, when perceptions of discrimination are accompanied by a panethnic or national origin self-identification. However, the attitudinal alienation created by perceptions of discrimination is not mitigated by any type of self-identification. These findings shed light on understudied factors that affect political engagement that are going to become more important to understand as the American population continues its ethnic diversification. In addition to expanding our knowledge of political engagement generally, this study also raises important questions about whether the adoption of an American self-identification is in fact beneficial for the health of our participatory political system as a whole.     

少数人权利及其保护的平等性

少数人作为弱势群体的一部份 ,其权利日益受到各国的关注与重视。然而 ,在对少数人具有重要意义的经济、社会、文化权利上 ,各国却有不同的看法 ,本文在比较了各国在权利问题上的文化传统和近现代的各种平等理论之后 ,分析指出在以经济、社会、文化权利为核心的相当一部份权利上 ,各国政府应当在避免形成“反向歧视”的前提下 ,采取积极措施 ,让少数人有更多机会参与社会竞争 ,实现社会整体的平等和更公正意义上的平等     

证人资格若干问题辨析

我国证人作证制度存在立法缺陷,主要是证人资格规定模糊,这也是证人出庭难的重要原因之一。当今国际范围内存在两种基本的立法模式：宽泛型和严格型模式。本文从证人资格概念入手,对学界通说有关证人资格要件及其范围等问题提出质疑,并提出一些立法建议。     

浅析变性的原因与变性人法律保障的缺失——聚焦《变性手术技术管理规范（征求意见稿）》

在今天,变性这个词对于我们来说已不再陌生,日前,卫生部发布了《变性手术技术管理规范（征求意见稿）》（以下简称《意见稿》）,对实施变性手术,在承接变性手术的医院、实施变性手术的医师以及接受变性手术的患者资格审查方面加以规范。这个意见稿在一定层面上肯定了变性手术的合法性与必要性。文章通过比较易性癖与同性恋、易性癖与易装癖、变性人与人妖的本质区别,进而分析变性的原因、手术成功的标准、纠纷解决的途径、医院伦理委员会的成员资格等问题,并且对术后变性人的性别更改、婚姻子女、职业选择等社会家庭问题提出法律保障建议。     

当代中国视野下的工作权

当下的许多国家都在宪法或相关法律中明确规定了工作权,并对其内容、实现方式、保障机制等方面作了较为详细的规定。但我国仅在现行宪法第42条中规定了公民有劳动的权利和义务,对其实现方式、义务主体等方面的规定也较为笼统。工作权是一项基本人权,应被写进一国的宪法之中,只有这样才能更好地对其加以保护。     

Is Sex Too Good for the Working Class? Education and Oppression

The United States has three school systems, one of them excellent, another borderline in quality, and the third thoroughly inadequate. Together they satisfy the needs of the economy. Since the earliest days of the republic, national and state governments have resisted expenditures for children of the working class, not only for their education but also for purposes of health, housing, nutrition, and the financial and psychological security of their parents—all of these relevant to quality of education and educational achievement. Significant improvement in schooling for all children requires societal changes that are spelled out in this article, along with proposals about how to implement those changes.