POISONED DEVELOPMENT: ASSESSING CHILDHOOD LEAD EXPOSURE AS A CAUSE OF CRIME IN A BIRTH COHORT FOLLOWED THROUGH ADOLESCENCE

The consequences of lead exposure for later crime are theoretically compelling, but direct evidence from representative, longitudinal samples is sparse. By capitalizing on an original follow‐up of more than 200 infants from the birth cohort of the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods matched to their blood lead levels from around age 3 years, we provide several tests. Through the use of four waves of longitudinal data that include measures of individual development, family background, and structural inequalities in how lead becomes embodied, we assess the hypothesized link between early childhood lead poisoning and both parent‐reported delinquent behavior and official arrest in late adolescence. We also test for mediating developmental processes of impulsivity and anxiety or depression. The results from multiple analytic strategies that make different assumptions reveal a plausibly causal effect of childhood lead exposure on adolescent delinquent behavior but no direct link to arrests. The results underscore lead exposure as a trigger for poisoned development in the early life course and call for greater integration of the environment into theories of individual differences in criminal behavior.     

人格权侵害禁令的程序实现

人格权侵害禁令是人格权侵害领域中预防性责任形式的快速实现机制,其独立于先予执行和普通的行为保全,是不必然伴随诉讼程序、具有非暂时性和非保全性的人格权独立保护制度。根据此种实体法功能,禁令的程序模式在价值上要权衡程序的便利高效和当事人的程序利益保障。基于非讼程序法理的发展和现行法,虽然禁令案件是真正的诉讼案件,但仍可将其作为非讼程序的审理对象,并以非讼程序作为禁令的基本程序模式。据此,禁令程序应采用职权探知主义,建立被申请人最低限度的程序保障规则,确立非讼程序和诉讼程序之间的合理转换条件和方式,且禁令程序中的裁定不具有既判力。其他的具体程序规则也应根据非讼程序予以解释构建。     

职业许可的概念界定

职业许可是资格许可与行为许可的结合,具有强烈的人身专属性,但不具有排他性。从法律属性看,职业许可以对公民职业自由的一般性限制为前提,系对公民职业自由的法律化转换。职业许可与营业许可、职业认证等之间,既有一定联系,也存在明显区别。     

利用影响力受贿罪客观方面存在的问题及立法完善

2009年2月28日公布实施的《刑法修正案(七)》在《刑法》第388条后增加了一条作为第388条之一,是对当前腐败问题从《刑法》角度的积极回应。我国已经加入《联合国反腐败公约》,政府对于受贿罪的打击力度越来越强,力求多方面借鉴经验以打击官员腐败。相对于传统的贪污贿赂犯罪而言,这是一种利用影响力的新型犯罪。结合司法实践,其客观方面的规定还存在不完善的地方,需要通过立法和司法解释加以完善,以此最大限度地发挥利用影响力受贿罪的实践价值。     

Lifecycle changes and the activation of habitual voting: The case of Costa Rica

Under circumstances of substantial turnout reductions, the development of electoral habits may constitute a key factor to attenuate or even revert such tendency in the long term. Using a unique dataset I examine the extent to which age and lifecycle changes mediate the effects of prior turnout (habituation) on future electoral behavior. Three findings are highlighted. First, age and turnout_t-1 reinforce each other and boost turnout to higher rates. Second, even under favorable circumstances, residential mobility still can disrupt individuals' voting patterns, regardless of whether their behavior was already habituated. Finally, habitual voting is activated by the time individuals participate in their fourth election, and the sooner they cast their first vote.     

外汇按金交易中介行为入罪化研究——以非法经营罪为视角

外汇按金交易违反的规定不属于非法经营罪中"违反国家规定"的范围,且其中的中介行为不属于非法经营行为,而只是一种帮助行为。这种帮助行为依据刑法规定和共犯从属性认定其是犯罪存在阻碍,其本身属性及刑法谦抑性决定了刑法对外汇按金交易中介行为介入没有必要。     

人民警察失范行为的原因分析及解决路径研究

人民警察是党和人民可以信赖的忠诚可靠的队伍。但在公安队伍中，也有不能忽视的滥用职权、特权思想、玩忽职守等警察失范行为。恶劣的性质，严重的后果，侵犯了公民的合法权益，危害了国家的安全稳定，影响了社会的进步与和谐，破坏了公安机关的形象和声誉。必须扫除公安队伍中的“害群之马”，维护社会大局稳定，为实现“中国梦”提供有力的支撑和保障。     

权利外“行为自由”的规制

我国因缺乏对基本权利的权威解释,以致目前出现了因禁乞、限制设置室外可见的室内广告等引发的行政合法性危机。基于我国国情,我们无法照搬西方宪政的经验,而只能创造出"权利外行为自由"的概念,将不为法律限制也不受法律保护的行为纳入其中。这样的自由对国家权力仅具弱拘束力。根据对我国《宪法》文本的学理解释,国家有权对权利外行为自由进行规制,但对不具负外部性的行为和不具规制必要性的行为,国家不得规制。为保障规制权不被滥用,规制主体有义务作出让公众信服的理由说明,确保不存在"多数人的偏见"和"少数人的偏见"。     

Technology‐Driven Alteration of Nonverbal Cues and its Effects on Negotiation

A person’s appearance, identity, and other nonverbal cues can substantially influence how one is perceived by a negotiation counterpart, potentially impacting the outcome of the negotiation. With recent advances in technology, it is now possible to alter such cues through real‐time video communication. In many cases, a person’s physical presence can explicitly be replaced by 2D/3D representations in live interactive media. In other cases, technologies such as deepfake can subtly and implicitly alter many nonverbal cues—including a person’s appearance and identity—in real time. In this article, we look at some state‐of‐the‐art technological advances that can enable such explicit and implicit alterations of nonverbal cues. We also discuss the implications of such technology for the negotiation landscape and highlight ethical considerations that warrant deep, ongoing attention from stakeholders.     

共同犯罪中的实行过限问题研究

共同犯罪中的实行过限问题是刑法共犯理论的难点之一。研究共同犯罪中的实行过限问题,目的是为了明确刑事责任的归属。在分配刑事责任的时候,应该从共犯的主观意志出发,以其对超出共谋之罪范围的过限行为所持主观态度如何来确定是否属于共犯过限。应根据共同犯罪人的分工不同,按组织犯、实行犯、帮助犯和教唆犯的分类对实行过限的认定进行详细考察。