规范制度主义理论评析

20世纪80年代,马奇与奥尔森关于重新发现制度重要性的思想标志着新制度主义思潮的兴起。马奇与奥尔森强调组织规范与价值对人的行为的影响,其思想也被称作"规范制度主义"。规范制度主义的理论构建主要包括规范性制度、内生性秩序、决定性价值、整合性组织与恰适性逻辑五个方面。规范制度主义有选择地吸收了旧制度主义与行为主义政治学的研究成果,在一定程度上形成了对旧制度主义的复归与超越。     

以个案谈法官的判决技巧——以爱克福得公司诉深圳市房产局案为例

最高人民法院公布的《中国行政审判案例》中的爱克福得公司诉深圳市房产局案展示了法官在案件判决方式上的技巧和智慧。它避开了本应该是争点的规范冲突适用问题,转换审理思路将免责事由的审查列为争议焦点。这个案例只是法官巧妙运用判决技巧的一个缩影,在最高人民法院公布的典型案件中大量地展示了法官的判决技巧和智慧。也正是这些回避和模糊的判断技巧为学者们的研究设置了障碍,使我们对案件有了不同观点的交锋和争鸣,同时也正是对这些技巧和智慧的把握为我国法治环境的改善和司法的进步产生着不可估量的积极作用。     

Between ‘Objectivism’ and ‘Contextualism': the Normative Foundations of Social Philosophy

Abstract

One of the principal challenges facing contemporary social philosophy is how to find foundations that are normatively robust yet congruent with its self-understanding. Social philosophy is a critical project within modernity, an interpretative horizon that stresses the influences of history and context on knowledge and experience. However, if it is to engage in intercultural dialogue and normatively robust social critique, social philosophy requires non-arbitrary, universal normative standards. The task of normative foundations can thus be formulated in terms of negotiating the tension between ‘contextualism’ and ‘objectivism’. Six contemporary responses to this challenge are examined. Their respective limitations call for renewed reflection on justificatory strategies, in particular for a conception of ‘objectivity’ based in a normative theory of social learning processes.     

权利的合约性质

在权利所指示的事物以及权利话语本身在一个不断产生、变化和发展的意义上,对权利的解释就需要某种理论,而不是一个抽象界定的概念。对于权利这个事物的解释,现行学者分别从不同的路径出发对权利展开了分析,由此形成了抽象权利、具体权利以及真正权利三种权利形态。然而,诸种对于权利的界定之所以出现种种困难和问题,原因在于它们不自觉地以事实性的语言侵蚀甚至替换了权利所表征的正当性内涵,同时他们对于权利实践中问题的认识也存在偏差。合约这个概念的属性以及权利这个事物不完全界定的特征,使得合约可以成为分析权利问题的一个合适理论框架。合约是权利内在生成的机制。当然,用合约分析权利问题也并非完美无缺。     

论数罪并罚可以适用缓刑——从解释论的视角出发

数罪并罚能否适用缓刑是一个有较大争议的问题.持反对立场学者的立论依据是对数罪社会危害性的实质判断,最高人民法院的司法解释也持类似立场.刑法解释应当贯彻形式解释优先的立场,对有利于被告人的刑法条文应坚持严格解释,不当地限缩解释违反了罪刑法定原则.对于该问题应采肯定说,是否适用缓刑应依据刑法判断是否符合缓刑适用条件,符合的依然可以适用缓刑.     

论我国宪法解释的特征与作用

宪法解释被认为是当代宪法理论和司法审查理论的核心.宪法解释具有不同于普通法律解释的政治性质、制度性质与规范特征,决定着其具有规范性、被动性、中立性和适应性.     

Multiculturalism in South African soap operas

Abstract

This article explores the multicultural dimensions within the texts of three South African soap operas (soaps). It uses text analysis and interviews as a methodology to expose the intricate web of influences that are all part of the fabric of a South African soap.

The text and discursive analysis are based on Systemic Functional Linguistics Theory of Halliday. The analysis of the texts proceeds from a pre-interpretation stage, through an analysis stage and into a revisit or re-interpretative stage. The creators of the texts as well as commercial bias are seen as politico-economic and cultural influences which may have direct bearing on the texts and are therefore interrogated. The findings confirm no multicultural model for South African soaps and show correlation between commercial interests and homogenised South African stereotypes.     

Normative power and organized hypocrisy: European Union member states' arms export to Libya

The 2011 Libyan civil war prompted a reassessment of the normative foundation of the EU's conventional arms export control regime as armaments manufactured in Europe were used by Gaddafi's forces during the war. The EU's foreign policy identity is based, partly, upon a common approach to arms export involving respect for common criteria for export licences. Yet, prior to the civil war, considerable amounts of military equipment had been exported by member states to Libya, notwithstanding grounds for restraint on the basis of several of the criteria. This article traces member states' arms export to Libya during 2005–2010 to explore whether member states favoured restraint or export promotion. It concludes that although aware of the risks of exporting, in a competitive market for military goods, member states sought commercial advantage over restraint, and comprehensively violated export control principles. This casts doubts on assertions of the EU acting as a “normative power”.     

Deliberative Qualities of Generic News Frames: Assessing the Democratic Value of Strategic Game and Contestation Framing in Election Campaign Coverage

News frames are patterns of news construction journalists rely on to present information to their audiences. While much of the research on news frames has focused on their identification and effects, less work has investigated the specific contributions these different frames make to democratic life. Value judgments about distinct news frames are often not generated in a systematic fashion, not grounded in democratic theory, and/or not supported by empirical evidence. In this article, we address these problems by arguing for and extending normative assessment as a standard operating procedure to determine the democratic value of political communication phenomena. We demonstrate the usefulness of normative assessment by showing how two important generic news frames (politics as a strategic game and as a substantive contestation) contribute to a deliberative public discourse prior to a general election. Using data on television news coverage of the German federal election campaign in 2009, we investigate how these frames are related to the inclusiveness and civility of public discourse and the extent to which it features exchanges of substantive reasons for political positions. Results show that mediated democratic deliberation suffers consistently from strategic game framing, while contestation frames make ambivalent contributions. Implications for political communication scholarship as well as journalistic practice are discussed.

[Supplementary material is available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Political Communication for the following free supplemental resource(s): coding protocol used in content analysis.]