协商政治与中国多党合作制度的规范化建设

协商政治是当代世界政治文明发展的一种崭新范式。中国的政治协商制度具备了协商政治的基本特征,但还不能算作现代意义上的协商政治。从协商政治的视角审视,中国共产党领导的多党合作制度的规范化建设与时代发展的要求还不相适应。中国多党合作制度建设应以协商政治发展的要求为参照,进一步推进规范化建设。     

A Taxonomy of Normative and Empirically Oriented Theories of Distributive Justice

The study proposes a taxonomy that maps and organizes various normative (ought) and empirically oriented (is) theories of distributive justice, with the aim of examining possible relations between these two research traditions. The taxonomy distinguishes between theories according to two shared dimensions of content: (a) microjustice versus macrojustice principles and (b) the unidimensional versus multidimensional character of these principles. The combination of these dimensions yields four groups of theories of distributive justice: unidimensional macro (the utilitarian approach); multidimensional macro (Rawls' theory of justice); unidimensional micro (desert and equity theories); and multidimensional micro (Miller's theory and the multiprinciple approach). A fifth group of hybrid theories is identified (including Walzer's and Jasso's theory of justice), which is built upon the layers of the other taxonomy cells, combining elements of macro- and microjustice and emphasizing the multidimensional character of distributive justice. The analysis revealed that the empirical and normative traditions have much in common. In certain cases, as with the utilitarian approach and Rawls' theory, empirical research has sought correspondence between the ought and the is. In other cases, such as with equity theory and the multiprinciple approach, it has used some basic normative ideas and assumptions as its starting point. Nevertheless, these research traditions often develop in parallel ways without sufficient mutual recognition or interaction. The study concludes by considering possible exchanges that may develop between these two traditions, examining to what extent and how philosophical–normative and empirically oriented research can contribute to one another.     

行贿犯罪“为谋取不正当利益”要件的刑法解释

经济行贿并不要求以"为谋取不正当利益"为要件。谋取不正当利益具有选择性双重层次的内部结构,这亦符合在罪刑法定的框架内拓展性地解释谋取不正当利益的实践要求。如果行贿人谋取的利益本身并没有违反国家规定,但受贿人在接受行贿人财物后提供了违反法律、法规、国家政策和国务院各部门规章规定的帮助或者方便条件,应当以行贿人对此问题的明知作为充足"为谋取不正当利益"要件的基础。不能因为贿赂过程中的请托事项不明确而排除"感情投资"的行贿犯罪性。     

从西方人权话语拓展看中国人权话语的国际化

西方人权话语拓展的主要方式是软渗透和硬介入。软渗透表现为通过西方人权"区域理念--区域规则--国际规则--国内规则"的规范扩散,推动非西方国家接受由西方主导建构起来的国际人权规范体系,形成对西方人权话语的法律确信,最终实现"西方人权国际化"和"国际人权国内化"。硬介入表现为通过政治、军事、经济、外交等方式强行推动非西方国家接受西方人权话语并将之纳入国内法律秩序,加速了西方人权国际化。西方人权话语拓展引起"它变"和"自变"效果。一方面,面对软渗透和硬介入,非西方国家或者被动接受,或者借助条约批准、保留等国际法手段予以选择性认同或变通,甚至提出竞争性替代话语加以对冲。另一方面,西方人权话语也在内外因素下不断自我调适,逐步提升可接受性。中国对外拓展人权话语,应充分利用"百年未有之大变局"带来的战略机遇期,借助政治、经济、文化等多种途径,加速国际人权话语格局的变革;尽快形成以发展主义权利观为核心的人权话语体系,并通过对话来增进中国人权话语的价值共识;坚持发挥规范性力量的作用,学会利用国际法律机制,着力提升在国际人权体系内将中国理念和话语转化为国际规则以及保障国际规则被遵守的制度能力。     

Balancing experimentalist and hierarchical governance in European Union electricity and telecommunications regulation: A matter of degrees

While the widespread diffusion of experimentalism across sectors and polities is well documented, less is known about the extent of the shift to this non‐hierarchical form of governance, which continues to coexist with traditional hierarchical governance and involves more inclusive rulemaking and revision based on review of alternative implementation experiences. By comparing and process‐tracing electricity and telecommunications regulation in the European Union, we find diversity in experimentalism over time and across two sectors often considered similar. We explain varying degrees of experimentalism with strategic uncertainty and the constellation of preferences, which we label “de facto polyarchy.” Thus, we confirm the emphasis on uncertainty documented in the experimentalist literature, while addressing a conventional critique by also highlighting the relevance of “politics.” Moreover, while corroborating the common spread of experimentalism, we suggest that an analytical framework based on ideal types offers the best route forward to develop comparative analysis of experimentalism and non‐hierarchical forms of governance more broadly.     

保险合同解释中的合理期待原则探析

20世纪70年代,美国的基顿法官对合理期待原则做出了系统的阐释。随着时间的推移,越来越多的法院接受了合理期待原则,并将其作为保护被保险人利益的有力工具。从某种意义上讲,满足被保险人的合理期待作为一种新兴的法益思潮,体现了优先保护被保险人的立法精神,值得我们借鉴。     

“不得”的逻辑——“规范性下降”命题的规范分析

法律用语中的规范词“不得”有其自身的逻辑。从“不得”出发,探究禁止性法律规范的内在结构,可以展现法律秩序的运作逻辑,揭示出隐藏在人类法律秩序变迁中规范性下降的历史规律。如果把秩序的实效与秩序的效力之间对比视为一个系数,那么这个系数在历史进程中是呈下降曲线的。早期法律制度的主要规范是禁止性规范,因此,与古代社会的理想追求相伴的是残酷的刑罚;而现代社会中,禁止性规范退居次席,权利和义务成为核心的规范纽带,与古代将违规者清除的制裁相比,现代法律秩序的规范性大大降低。这是历史进步的代价,也是历史发展的必然。     

Normative media theory in the digital media landscape: from media ethics to ethical communication

In this article it is postulated that normative media theory has lost its heuristic value in the new digital media landscape with its ensuing mediatisation of life, society and the world. The reason for this is that normative media theory is based on the principles of media ethics which are mainly concerned with journalism. In the new media landscape the media involves far more than journalism and journalism as the cognitive paradigm for current thinking about media. The media has infiltrated almost every aspect of human communication, it is omnipresent and pervasive. For this reason the principles of ethical communication instead of media ethics are proposed as being more appropriate for normative media theory. This proposition is expanded in the rest of the article with a discussion of “traditional” normative theory as a yardstick for the measurement of ethical media practice and performance against the appropriateness and applicability of “traditional” normative theory in the digital media landscape. Outstanding features of the new media landscape, including the move from mass communication to network communication, and the emphasis on interactivity and interconnectivity contributing to the conversion of the media user into a media producer, are discussed, and presented as a motivation for the proposition to move from media ethics to communication ethics as the epistemological foundation of “new” normative theory.     

Examining the Mediating Roles of Affective and Normative Commitment in the Relationship between Transformational Leadership Practices and Turnover Intention of Government Employees

The purpose of this study was to investigate the indirect effect of transformational leadership practices on turnover intention of government employees through affective and normative commitment to the organization. A total of 201 respondents were surveyed from the state and local governments in the east region of a mid-Atlantic state in the United States. The results from bootstrapping mediation analysis supported that transformational leadership fosters employees’ affective and normative commitment, which in turn lowers their turnover intention. Furthermore, the strength of the indirect effect of transformational leadership on turnover intention tends to be greater for baby boomers than other generations.     

应然视角下过失共同正犯肯定论之提倡

当前过失共同正犯肯定论者与否定论者提出的很多观点值得进一步商榷。事实上,过失共同正犯成立与否的关键问题在于,共同过失是否足以支撑机能行为支配的成立,或者说是否足以促成"将他人之行为等价于自己之行为"的规范评价形成。共同过失的情形下,从本体论视角而言,行为人对某种行为具有共同的认识,并起到强化相互不注意的作用,即行为人之间存在犯意联络的基础事实;从规范论角度而言,价值评价进一步强化了犯意联络这一客观事实,且促使相互归属效果的形成。由此,在应然视角下应肯定过失共同正犯的成立。此外,共同注意义务共同违反说和过失共同正犯说在结论上并没有实质差别,仅存在说理路径的不同。鉴于共同过失的"共动现象",将其认定为共同犯罪并无不妥。