融贯论的可能性与限度——作为追求法官论证合理性的适当态度和方法

法律领域一般有三种融贯论：法律论证中的融贯论、法律体系内的融贯论、法律融贯主义。结合此三种理论可以很好地分析法官审判实践中的论证标准。融贯论的运用必须区分叙述性融贯和规范性融贯。叙述性融贯保持认识论的基本原则，规范性融贯则是与法官的实践理性相关。叙述性融贯中基础融贯论为法官认定事实提供了形式标准；而在规范性融贯中，解释的融贯论揭示了法官的基本立场以及价值取向，它不是庸俗化的实用主义，而是一种有效地实现关于法律命题完整集合的方法。在这两个层面上，法官的论证可以趋向认识上的合理性以及价值判断上的合理性。     

期待可能性理论之否定

期待可能性理论同规范责任论相适应，同我国通说的心理责任论并不相容；因我国尚未形成特有的罪过理论，加之传统刑法文化的遗失，才致使期待可能性理论备受关注；在我国刑事立法和司法实践中遇到的一些用期待可能性理论解决的问题，完全可以在犯罪动机的范畴内解决。     

我国刑事司法解释的功能、缺陷及其完善

我国刑事司法解释发挥着或应当发挥补充刑事立法、指导刑事司法的功能,由于现行体制的形成,可能更多的不是一种预先理性设计的结果,而是一种经验性事实,因而导致其先天性功能缺陷.进一步改革和完善刑事司法解释工作,变现行"二元一级"解释为最高人民法院和各高级人民法院"一元二级"解释势在必行,以期实现刑事司法解释的主体单一化、内容准确化、形式统一化和程序规范化.     

股东查阅权行使机制的司法政策选择

股东查阅权作为一种工具性、救济性权利,其行使规则蕴含股东和公司之间某种恰当尺度的利益平衡,但立法过于原则化使得这一尺度趋于模糊。意在增强查阅权行使的可操作性、可救济性而制订的司法解释,关于诸环节的具体规范不全然是技术性的,而是包含了若干价值判断和对于当前司法救济现实需求的判断。为此,须在肯定我国现行公司法所确立的价值选择和基本法理框架的范围内作出正确的司法政策选择,并在此基础上明确有关股东查阅权行使与救济的诸具体规范。     

《民法典》背景下损害概念渊流论

《民法典》对侵害与损害的区分,给损害赔偿的体系带来了深远影响。如何理解损害的概念,是认识这一损害赔偿体系的基础。损害概念的发展历经差额假说、客观损害说及规范损害说的演变。差额假说在实践操作中具有便利性优势,且实质上是损害赔偿的填补功能及完全赔偿原则的规范表述,其作为通说的地位依然应当肯定。客观损害说及规范损害说的提出,...     

行政规范性文件效力在行政法治中的动态考察

行政规范性文件的出现完全是基于行政管理实践的需要,是和行政法治活动紧密联系在一起的,是行政管理的一种重要手段,应当发挥其应有的作用。对行政规范性文件的认识不能仅从静态的文本来进行,更重要的是从行政法治实践活动的动态过程中来考察,既要在立法活动中寻找它的效力来源,以保证它具有正当的上位法的依据;也要在执法活动中慎重考察它的效力层级,以保证它在各层级发挥恰当的规制作用;同时还要在司法活动中探讨它作为行政案件审判效力依据的问题,以解决行政诉讼中的一些尴尬。     

论集体合同的私法结构

集体合同是一种自治机制和市场机制,这种自治基础上的市场机制本身导致其与传统私法的合 同制度难以分离。从法教义学角度看,集体合同以私法合同的形式成立和消灭,对工会和用人单位或用人单位 联合会具有债权效力,这些都是私法现象;传统私法曾试图通过代理理论和有利于第三人的合同理论解释集体 合同对劳动者和用人单位的效力,但都不能自圆其说。为此,大陆法系国家承认了集体合同对劳动者和用人单 位的规范效力,并提出社团理论、国家授权理论、自治理论,分别从社会法、公法、私法的角度解释上述规范 效力。从中国集体合同制度发展的历史、社会经济基础和制度设计来看,私法的解释方案依然最优：集体合同 以合同的方式成立,通过职工（代表）大会的决议行为获得对全体劳动者的约束力,即规范效力。因此,集体 合同是一种私法上的制度。     

Public opinion polarisation and protest behaviour

Does an increasing divide in normative notions within a population influence citizens’ political protest behaviour? This article explores whether public opinion polarisation stimulates individuals to attend lawful demonstrations. In line with relative deprivation theory, it is argued that in an environment of polarisation, individuals’ normative notions are threatened, increasing the probability that they will actively participate in the political decision‐making process. Using the European Social Survey from the period 2002–2014 and focusing on subnational regions, multilevel analyses are conducted. Thereby a new index to measure public opinion polarisation is introduced. Depending on the issue, empirical results confirm the effect of polarisation. While average citizens are not motivated to demonstrate over the issue of whether people from other countries are a cultural threat, they are motivated by the issues of reducing inequality and of homosexuality. The article goes on to examine in a second step whether ideological extremism makes individuals more susceptible to environmental opinion polarisation. Findings show that members of the far left are more likely to protest when their social environment is divided over the issue of income inequality. In contrast, members of the far right are motivated by rising polarisation regarding homosexuality. In sum, citizens become mobilised as their beliefs and values are threatened by public opinion polarisation.     

规范的构成要件要素

由价值关系的概念或评价概念所表述的构成要件要素,是规范的构成要件要素。规范的构成要件要素分为法律的评价要素、经验法则的评价要素与社会的评价要素。规范的构成要件要素并不等同于不明确的构成要件要素,相反具有存在的合理根据与积极意义。法官应当以特定的违法性为导向理解规范的构成要件要素,并根据规范的构成要件要素的不同类型,采用相应的评价标准判断案件事实是否符合规范的构成要件要素。     

Targeted killing: a ‘dirty hands’ analysis

This paper examines the policy of targeted killing from a moral perspective and defends the possibility that under certain circumstances it is paradoxically both morally justified and morally reprehensible. Governments and their agents who authorize and partake in a policy of targeted killing end up, at best, with ‘dirty hands’ – they do wrong in order to do right. When faced with intractable moral conflicts/dilemmas, politicians and military strategists are forced to choose between lesser evils, rather than between good and bad options. Consequently, supporters and critics of the policy of targeted killing, those who in turn argue that such actions are either entirely justifiable or to be unequivocally condemned, fail to grasp properly the moral complexities of such situations. The paper examines the highly controversial targeted killing of Salah Shehada by the Israel Defence Forces in 2002 to illustrate the complexities and insights of a dirty hands analysis.