Civil Society–Government Synergy and Normative Power Italy

There is a need for a reassessment of the Italian contribution to international affairs. If a more comprehensive and pluralist reading of Italian action at the international level is developed, an image of normative power Italy may emerge. Italian input has been crucial in a number of transnational campaigns that have had significant impact at the international level. The cases of the peace in Mozambique, the International Criminal Court, the Moratorium on the Death Penalty and, more recently, the Ban on Female Genital Mutilation all illustrate Italy’s contribution to international affairs, especially the politics of norm change. These cases are all characterised by the presence of intense civil society-government synergy. In order to advance the understanding of the processes and impact of transnational mobilisations, this analysis examines the domestic conditions that facilitated such synergy, intended as key conditions for the empowerment of transnational activism itself.     

谫论档案信息资源开发的价值理念

从"信息资源开发和利用水平已成为一个国家强盛的重要标志之一.档案信息是信息资源的一个组成部分"这一观点出发,说明档案信息资源开发的意义、特点、要求以及在市场经济建设中的重要价值.     

隐形的“法律”——行政诉讼中其他规范性文件的异化及其矫正

根据《立法法》、《行政诉讼法》等法律规定,其他规范性文件既非立法法源,也非审理依据。但在行政诉讼实践中,由于法官疏于审查,使得其他规范性文件异化为"隐形的法律"。如此现状,令人堪忧,长此以往,会造成立法、司法、行政和社会各方"共输"的局面。为改变现状,在实用主义的视角下,建构一套柔性的审查体系是值得期待的。     

我国预算法修订的规范分析

追求和实现预算民主是我国预算法修订的目标之一。预算法律关系是公共预算关系的抽象和拟制,是立法者运用立法技术制定法律规范的基础和指引,在预算立法与实践之间起着承启的作用。修订预算法应加强预算法律主体的开放性和制衡性,规范和完善不同的预算法律行为及其法权配置,并使预算法律责任具有科学性和可操作性。对预算法律文本中蕴含的各类法律关系进行规范分析,旨在通过对预算法律所预设的逻辑秩序进行阐释和解析,进而说明和论证预算法律规范设定的主体、行为和责任等逻辑秩序与预算实践秩序间的关系。     

论行政法的建构性与规范性

行政法包含性质迥异的两个部分:建构性法律和规范性法律。西方的建构性法律产生于行政过程,是行政本身的需要,它们由国会和政府共同掌管;规范性法律则主要表现为司法职能。以建构性法律作为行政法的标准样板,会形成行政法的管理论;以规范性法律为样板则会形成行政法的控权论,两者对行政法的认识都是片面的。要创建超越这两种倾向的平衡论,必须将行政法的建构性与规范性统一起来,这样才能准确把握行政法的概念。     

再论刑法理念——对蔡道通教授论文观点的不同意见之商榷

刑法理念作为一种深层潜隐的价值体系,在刑法规范中占有重要的地位。要明确区分刑法理念和刑法作为一种法规范的性质之间的界限,结合知名学者的学术观点,从而进一步对刑法理念的构造和实现本土化创造坚实的理论知识条件。     

审判仪式化的克服——起诉状一本主义与严格证明法则双管齐下

我国审判仪式化问题不仅来源于案卷移送制度造成的法官预断或后断,而且源于法庭对案卷笔录的不规范采纳上。因此,若要还原审判的实质功能,让当庭审判成为形成裁判结论的真正途径,一方面要建立有庭前准备程序的起诉状一本主义制度,形式上克服法官对案件的预断,另一方面要在刑事证据问题上采行严格证明法则,克服法官对案卷笔录证据能力的天然推定和证明力的优先接受。     

强制性支出责任与地方财政自主权

《宪法》和《预算法》赋予了地方政府一定的财政自主权。以此为基础,地方政府通过调整支出结构、提高支出效率,为地方居民提供符合本行政区域实际情况的公共品与服务,并调控经济运行状况。分税制改革减少了地方的财政自主权,从而导致地方支出效率的降低。法律和中央政府为地方政府设定强制性支出责任,旨在遏制因地方支出效率降低产生的公共支出结构扭曲和区域间支出水平差异等状况。但是,强制性支出责任在客观上却进一步降低了地方的财政自主权,从而陷入新的恶性循环。赋予地方政府充分的财政自主权,是优化地方支出结构、提高地方支出效率的基础性制度依赖;强制性支出责任仅具有辅助性功能。两者不能本末倒置。     

The Legitimacy of Judicial Responses to Moral Panic: Perceived vs. Normative Legitimacy

In some instances, the criminal justice system is affected by a moral panic; that is, by an exaggerated social reaction to an assumed threat to moral values. When influenced by moral panic, courts demonize defendants and aggravate punishments. Are such responses legitimate? This article argues that by contrast to legitimate condemnation of criminal conduct, demonizing defendants ought never be legitimate. The legitimacy of aggravating punishment requires distinguishing between the sociological concept of legitimacy (“perceived legitimacy”) and the moral concept (“normative legitimacy”). Aggravation of punishment in response to moral panic might be perceived as legitimate since it expresses public perceptions about the severity of the threat to a social value, even when these perceptions are exaggerated; however, punishments that are proportionate to such a perceived, exaggerated, threat to a social value are unjust and unfair, and therefore are normatively illegitimate. When the panic subsides, courts tend to return to lower levels of punishment. The subsidence of the panic enables one to realize that a gap between perceived and normative legitimacy has been created during the panic. Should and can the gap be bridged retroactively in order to gain full legitimacy? One way to bridge the gap is to grant clemency that will reduce the punishment of defendants whose sentences were exaggerated unduly during the panic. The article proposes a more radical mechanism that allows for sentence re-evaluation in cases of moral panic.     

The welfare courts: A socio-legal analysis of risk management through modern strict liability

The aim of the essay is to offer an adequate theoretical framework for a socio-legal analysis of risk management by the legal system. Law and risk are the two most important concepts to be clarified. Unlike the law, whose function consists in the temporal stabilisation of normative expectations, the perspective of risk is characterised by the possibility of changing the criteria for decisions based upon the evaluation of the consequences of those decisions. In the context of a modern society, characterised by an increasing demand for protection for people injured by new technologies, one observes certain difficulties in the attempt to adopt a risk perspective within the legal system. The result of this process is the new law of tort based upon the modern principles of strict liability. While strict liability can be shown to be effective in managing conflicts relating to technological accidents, its most negative effects are the increasing instability of legal structures and interference with the activities of other subsystems of society, such as medicine and the economy.