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Pilot Study of Automated Bullet Signature Identification Based on Topography Measurements and Correlations*†

Abstract: A procedure for automated bullet signature identification is described based on topography measurements using confocal microscopy and correlation calculation. Automated search and retrieval systems are widely used for comparison of firearms evidence. In this study, 48 bullets fired from six different barrel manufacturers are classified into different groups based on the width class characteristic for each land engraved area of the bullets. Then the cross‐correlation function is applied both for automatic selection of the effective correlation area, and for the extraction of a 2D bullet profile signature. Based on the cross‐correlation maximum values, a list of top ranking candidates against a ballistics signature database of bullets fired from the same model firearm is developed. The correlation results show a 9.3% higher accuracy rate compared with a currently used commercial system based on optical reflection. This suggests that correlation results can be improved using the sequence of methods described here.     

马克思的"种族"主义与社会达尔文主义——一种历史观视角的比较反思

马克思的种族主义尽管吸取了达尔文主义的一些思想,但二者是有本质区别的。马克思的种族主义,不仅不是一种社会达尔文主义,恰恰相反,它的本质和根本价值追求在于寻求从动物王国走向自由王国的一种科学探索。当前,在社会达尔文主义以各种理论包装存在并继续发挥作用的背景下,尤其要把马克思的种族主义与社会达尔文主义区分开来,揭露批判形形色色的社会达尔文主义思潮的反面功能,真正担负起代表先进生产力发展方向、代表人类自由解放大方向的使命来。     

招录试点班侦查讯问案例教学的实践与探索

侦查讯问学是一门应用性很强的综合学科。侦查讯问学教育的根本目的之一,在于提高招录试点班学生应用讯问知识解决实际审讯办案问题的能力。传统教学法有着自己的优势与不足,案例教学法对实现这一目的有不可替代的作用。侦查讯问学的案例教学,是教师与试点班学生之间及学生与学生之间的交流过程,课前准备及组织课堂教学十分重要,教师要在案例选择上下工夫,学生要课前预习,充分参与。实施案例教学应遵循知行合一与重在实践的原则、教师发挥主导作用的原则、引导学生成为教学主体的原则。     

合同法上赔偿损失的请求权基础规范分析

我国合同法上规定有许多赔偿责任,但这些赔偿责任的规范基础不尽相同:有的以传统民法上的违约责任为规范基础,比如第97条规定的合同解除后的赔偿责任、第108条规定的逾期违约后的赔偿责任、第110条规定的继续履行后的赔偿责任、第107条及113条规定的赔偿责任等;有的则属于独立的责任规范基础,例如第42条、43条、58条等属于缔约过失责任规范的范畴;第122条属于加害给付的范畴。第48条规定的无权代理人的赔偿责任之请求权基础应解释为缔约过失更为合理;第406条及425条规定的赔偿责任制规范基础解释为违约责任更为合适。第189条的赔偿责任实际上是赠与合同不能履行的赔偿责任,属于违约责任;第191条规定的赔偿责任中。     

党领导立法的规范分析与完善路径

在规范分析层面,党领导立法的语境是在党的机构和全国人大及其常委会产生之后的事情。我国现行《宪法》的制定开启了党领导立法的话语和实践探索。经由对党的规范性文件的分析,党领导立法的特点和规律得以突显。这些特点包括重申党领导立法必须坚持的原则不变;党领导立法的结构体系和格局更加具体;党领导立法的工作思路的变化为完善党的领导勾勒了基本路径。党要引领民主立法、科学立法和依法立法的方向;同时支持人大在立法中发挥主导作用。     

The effective design,implementation and enforcement of socio-economic equality duties: lessons from the pupil premium

Abstract

The UK has extremely high levels of socio-economic inequality, which are predicted to rise over the next five years. Traditionally, equality law was seen as inappropriate to address socio-economic inequality but in the last decade, a growing number of equality duties have been introduced to address this persistent form of inequality. There is, however, little research on the principles that underpin these duties. This article seeks to address this gap through the use of data from interviews conducted with primary school personnel implementing the pupil premium. The article explores understandings of socio-economic inequality by individuals in schools; policy conflicts; the wider context of action to address socio-economic inequality; different decision-making processes; and accountability mechanisms. On the basis of the findings of this study, broad principles are outlined to inform the design, implementation and enforcement of socio-economic equality duties in the future.     

The differential demand for indirect rule: evidence from the North Caucasus

Indirect rule is one of the means that central authorities have long employed in hopes of defusing communal conflict and civil war in multicultural societies. Yet very little is known about the appeal of indirect rule among the ruled themselves. Why do people in some places demand more indirect rule and local autonomy, whereas others seem content to be governed directly by rulers of an alien culture? This is a crucial question with important implications for determining the form of governance that is most likely to provide social order in culturally heterogeneous societies. Although much attention has been given to consider the relative costs and benefits of direct versus indirect rule for the central authorities, the other side of the coin – namely, the variable demand for indirect rule among the members of distinctive cultural groups – has hardly been examined with systematic empirical data. This paper presents a theory of the differential demand for indirect rule and offers an initial test of its principal empirical implications using original micro-level data from the North Caucasus region of Russia. The theory's core claim is that the middle class should express the greatest demand for indirect rule, while both the upper and lower classes should prefer more direct rule. The theory therefore predicts that there will be an inverse parabolic relationship between the demand for indirect rule and economic class. The findings are largely consistent with these theoretical expectations.     

Class or Citizenship? Debating Workplace Conflict in China

While a new working class is in the process of remaking itself in China, the latest trend in labour studies has rejected the Marxist tradition which sees the social relations of production as the point of departure for analysing workplace conflict. According to the new current, influenced by post-structuralism, class is only one of the identities articulated by workers, and it can be understood only with reference to their discourses. By critically evaluating an important book by Ching Kwan Lee (Against the Law: Labor Protests in China's Rustbelt and Sunbelt), this article suggests that her approach generalising workers' protests with the notion of citizenship cannot satisfactorily explain the changing pattern of labour protests in China since 2004. By using fieldwork data and connecting the analysis of the social relations of production with the changing patterns of workers' struggle, this paper argues that migrant workers protests are a significant part of the emerging class conflict in China.     

Looking back,thinking forward: Understanding the feasibility of normative supranationalism in the African Union

The creation of the African Union (AU) in 2002 was seen as a significant paradigm shift in the course of continental integration. Unlike its predecessor, the Organization of African Unity, the AU has a normative framework that espouses supranational aspirations. Various aspects of the AU framework, such as the nature of some of the AU institutions, the declared right of intervention, and the objective of harmonising the policies of Regional Economic Communities under the AU umbrella, are allusions to supranationalism. Furthermore, it appears that normative supranationalism is the goal, in that these aspects indicate the intention on the part of the architects of the AU to create a regime under which AU laws and policies are superior to national and sub-regional rules. The fact that, after a decade of the AU's existence, little or no progress has been made in this regard requires serious introspection. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to explore some of the factors that militate against the effective operation of normative supranationalism in the AU and proffer recommendations on how to address those constraints.