Using immersive virtual reality and ecological psychology to probe into child molesters' phenomenology

Abstract

Child molesters (n=13) and sexually non-deviant subjects (n=29) were immersed with virtual characters depicting relevant sexual features while their sexual arousal and gaze behaviour were assessed to characterise their sexual preferences and intentional dynamics. Sexual arousal was measured using circumferential penile plethysmography (PPG). Gaze behaviour dynamics were derived from average gaze radial angular deviation (GRAD) and GRAD coefficient of variation (GRADCV). Results show distinct sexual arousal profiles according to sexual preferences and point towards the existence of specific gaze behaviour dynamics guided by sexual intentions. Theoretical interpretations are based on the ecological psychology of J. J. Gibson, the extended mind theory and the integrated theory of sexual offending. Theoretical underpinnings stemming from these approaches are advocated as being especially well suited to explain how virtual reality can help probing into child molesters' phenomenology as lived from the “first-person” stance.     

当罚、可罚与要罚：犯罪构造客观要件的逻辑递进

犯罪成立的主客观要素并非完全一一对应,立法上存在着以条件的面目出现、无需主观认识的客观事实。可罚性和要罚性是区分＂内在＂和＂外部＂的客观处罚条件的标准,同时,与可罚性的关系则是区分＂内在＂的客观处罚条件与罪量要素、结果加重犯之结果的标准。就此,从犯罪成立的客观要素观之,各要件要素之间存在着当罚、可罚与要罚的逻辑递进。     

社会实在的规范性与公私法的界限——与徐国栋教授商榷民法的“公私法混合说”

民法的＂公私法混合说＂建立在＂强行法说＂基础之上,该理论通过区分任意性规范和强制性规范把私法的范围限于任意性规范。强行法说预设了一种缺少规范性的＂社会实在＂：一方面忽略了法律对社会实在的构造功能,没能看到强制性规范与私人领域的构成性关系;另一方面忽略了通过强制性规范所表达的私人自治的规范性要素,没能看到强制性规范与私人领域之间在合法性意义上的共生性。尽管公私法的划分问题具有可争议性,但强行法说因其对社会实在的理解存在偏差而无法成为一种妥当的公私法界限理论,民法的＂公私法混合说＂自然无法成立。     

民事诉讼中的举证责任

本文考察了举证责任的基础概念、一般理论及目前我国民事诉讼制度对这些概念理论的接受状况或程度,在此基础上展示举证责任倒置和减轻在我国民事立法上及司法实务运作中的种种形态。本文不强调定义的精确和理论的新颖,而着力于尽可能紧扣我国民事审判实务的具体场境,去尝试系统地整理相关的基础知识。