资本制度变革下的资本法律责任——公司法修改的理性解读

公司法资本制度的重大变革并未否定资本制度的基本原理和与之相关的股东出资义务和责任。取消最低资本额,改变的只是股东出资义务的范围或数额,而非股东出资义务本身。公司资本从有限制的认缴制到无限制的认缴制,改变的只是股东履行出资义务的期限,股东以其认缴而非实缴的出资额为限对公司债务负责,资本的"认而不缴"并不免除股东的出资义务或责任。认缴资本的采用也不能终结或取代实缴资本的独特作用。资本真实的法律要求不因取消法定最低资本额和实行完全的认缴资本制而改变,取消验资的特定法律程序,决非否定资本真实性的法律要求,而只是改变资本真实的实现方式。     

论儒家“生生”理念及其衍生的生命伦理原则

“生生”理念是儒家生命伦理思想的起点和基石.“生生”理念衍生出敬重、尽性、和谐三大生命伦理原则.敬重原则,即对生命起源的敬重、对天地间万物的敬重、对天地人相通的敬重.在敬重原则的指引下,悲天悯人,珍重生命就成为儒家的重要思想.尽性原则,即万物各尽其性分.它要求发挥人作为人以及物作为物的特殊作用,使天地正常运转,万物健康发育.和谐原则,即人要顺从自然以达到天、地、人之间的和谐.其目的在于造就一种万物繁庶、社会太平、宇宙和谐的良好局面.     

Viewing Things Differently: The Dimensions of Public Perceptions of Police Legitimacy

Legitimacy (or “the right to exercise power”) is now an established concept in criminological analysis, especially in relation to policing. Substantial empirical evidence shows the importance of legitimacy in securing law‐abiding behavior and cooperation from citizens. Yet adequate theorization has lagged behind empirical evidence, and there has been a conflation of legitimacy with the cognate concepts of “trust” and of “obligation to obey the law.” By drawing on the work of Beetham (1991) and others (e.g., Bottoms and Tankebe, 2012 ), this study tests the hypothesis that the contents of the multiple dimensions of police legitimacy comprise procedural fairness, distributive fairness, lawfulness, and effectiveness. The study also investigates the relative influence of legitimacy and feelings of obligation on citizens’ willingness to cooperate with the police. Using data from London, the results substantiate the hypothesized dimensions of police legitimacy. In addition, legitimacy was found to exhibit both a direct influence on cooperation that is independent of obligation and an indirect influence that flows through people's felt obligations to obey the police. Implications for future research are discussed.     

Enhancing the cognitive interview with an alternative procedure to witness-compatible questioning: category clustering recall

The Cognitive Interview (CI) is one of the most widely studied and used methods to interview witnesses. However, new component techniques for further increasing correct recall are still crucial. We focused on how a new and simpler interview strategy, Category Clustering Recall (CCR), could increase recall in comparison with witness-compatible questioning and tested if a Revised Cognitive Interview (RCI) with CCR instead of witness-compatible questioning and without the change order and change perspective mnemonics would be effective for this purpose. Participants watched a mock robbery video and were interviewed 48 hours later with either the CI or the RCI. Recalled information was classified as either correct, incorrect or confabulation. Although exclusion of the change order and change perspective mnemonics in the RCI group might have caused a slight decrease in recall during the last interview phases, the RCI group generally produced more correct information than the CI group, with a lower number of confabulations. Further analyses revealed CCR was largely responsible for this increase in correct recall. CCR is a very promising interview technique which allowed the interviewer to obtain more detailed information without additional questions and may have, in certain situations, several practical advantages over a questioning phase.     

中国特色社会主义经济理论体系范畴探析

任何理论体系都需要通过一定的范畴呈现出来,中国特色社会主义经济理论体系也不例外,它既是反映和概括中国特色社会主义经济建设中的一些重要问题及其特性与关系的基本概念,也是认识和把握中国特色社会主义经济理论与实践的手段和工具。准确理解和把握其基本特性和功能,有助于构建中国特色社会主义经济理论体系并创新其范畴。     

刑事司法中公民的容忍义务及其限度

公民容忍义务源于每个人为求权利和自由需分出部分私权演绎为公权,所有人的付出意味着个人承担的义务比他的需要对应的义务更多,公权是放大了的私权。公民容忍的限度涉及刑事司法人权保障的规则化、伦理化,目前的看法相当暧昧。公民容忍义务具有共识性、比例性、条件性和模糊性四个方面的特征。对公民应当服从的公权力应通过必要性原则、比例原则来制约,找到个人权利与警察权、检察权、司法权的平衡点,以保障公民的人权。     

私权还是公益？环境法学核心范畴探析

核心范畴研究对于环境法的学科发展和制度建设具有重要意义。私权不是环境法的核心,以环境权为核心范畴无助于环境问题的根本解决,不利于环境法学的独立和发展。环境法学的核心范畴应为公众环境利益,其在本质上是一种法益而非权利。只有从环境公益出发,坚持公益视角,才能正确解释环境法诸现象,环境法学才能证明其独立性并构建出独特理论体系,环境法制才能从根本上解决环境问题。     

论税收之债的确认

税收之债的确认是指依法享有税收确认权的主体对纳税人的法律地位、税收法律关系或税收法律事实进行甄别,给予确定、认定、证明(或否定)的行为。二战以后,在税收之债的确认原则上,出现了由课税机关中心主义向纳税人中心主义转变的发展趋势,具体表现就是普遍确立了纳税申报制度。我国现行税法主要规定了纳税人自主确认、行政确认和司法确认三种税收之债的确认方式,但从实际执行的效果来看,这方面的制度尚需进一步完善,而完善的方向就是在根本依赖全体纳税人纳税意识普遍提高的基础上,确立真正意义上的民主纳税制度。     

保险服务者说明义务的边界——兼评《中华人民共和国保险法》第17条

天然信息不对称的保险市场中,由于对交易内容认识差距的存在,使保险消费者与保险服务者之间的利益冲突日趋激烈。严重的信息不对称带来的利益失衡使更多的焦点集中于保险服务者义务的履行——尤其是说明义务的强化与关注。在保险服务者与保险消费者利益的博弈中,应以利益衡平原则为指导,寻找各方利益的平衡点,缓和信息不对称之下保险合同当事人之间的矛盾,界定保险服务者义务的边界,以保证保险市场健康有序地发展。     

检察官客观义务:制度本源与实践限度

从现代政治权力的原理来看,检察官客观义务的意义在于按照现代性的权力逻辑与治理模式,实现了现代刑事诉讼权力结构的分化并维系着刑事司法制度的正当性。由于刑事诉讼制度本身与检察官个体都无法克服与超越刑事司法中的某些固有因素,检察官客观义务在实践中存在相当的限度。在推动刑事诉讼制度合理化建设上,我们应该在深入理解检察官客观义务的基础上,推行一些更为现实的改革方略。