合同法的局限:一个劳动关系的视角

合同法规范合同关系的根据主要依赖于合意理论。受有限理性限制,合同法实际上是以一次性交易为典型调整对象构造其规则体系的,对具有持续性并随时发生变化的劳动合同关系则存在无法克服的调整障碍:劳动合同的成立仅仅意味着劳动关系被启动,随之发展起来的复杂样态远远溢出当初合意所能规划的范围。依合同法固有的法律行为技术进行调整,既缺乏合意根据,也缺乏足够大的规则供给体量。面对由现代企业科层组织塑造的人格从属性劳动关系,以及由此引发的劳资矛盾和冲突,如果仅依赖意思自治,而不引入国家管制和劳工集体力量的约束,是无法实现秩序和公正的。     

三聚氰胺对小鼠急性毒性试验中消化系统重要组织器官损伤的病理学观察

为探讨三聚氰胺对急性毒性试验中小鼠的胃、小肠和肝的损伤作用,将32只SPF级昆明小鼠随机分为4组,每组8只,雌雄各半,连续灌服不同剂量的三聚氰胺(0、175、350、700 mg/kg),观察试验小鼠的临床表现,剖检死亡小鼠并取材,观察胃、小肠和肝的病理学变化。结果显示,各试验组小鼠48 h内均全部死亡。光镜下可见死亡小鼠胃和小肠的黏膜层弥漫性坏死,肝细胞脂肪变性,肝小叶弥漫性淤血,甚至有片状出血灶,灶内肝细胞坏死。700 mg/kg组小鼠的胃、小肠及肝血管内均可见多个黄色颗粒状结晶体沉着。在透射电镜下,175 mg/kg和350 mg/kg组小鼠的肝细胞胞浆结构疏松,线粒体肿胀,700 mg/kg组小鼠的肝细胞胞浆中充满脂滴,线粒体弥漫性固缩。表明,三聚氰胺可引起小鼠胃肠黏膜发生急性弥漫性坏死,肝淤血,肝细胞变性,散在坏死,高浓度的三聚氰胺可在胃、小肠和肝间质中形成结晶体。     

论侵害宗教财产目的性使用之法律救济——以寺院为主要景点设立风景名胜区牟利的行为为视角

通过以知名寺院为主要景点,隔绝或阻断通往知名寺院的道路,设立风景名胜区,以谋取经济利益的行为,本质上属于侵权行为,既侵害了僧众作为相邻关系主体所享有的相邻权,也侵害了信众和游客对寺院所提供的自由使用宗教财产的合法利益。对此种利益应当纳入《侵权责任法》上＂合法的民事权益＂的概念给予救济。风景名胜区应当无条件地为包括僧众、信众和游客在内的整个寺院宗教财产使用者群体,提供无偿地自由地接近和进出寺院的通行便利,以此保障该群体所享有的宗教性物质利益（僧众）、宗教性精神利益（僧众、信众）和一般性精神利益（游客）。     

Assessing the effects of body‐worn cameras on procedural justice in the Los Angeles Police Department*

In this article, we explore variations in procedural justice delivered in face‐to‐face encounters with citizens before and after the implementation of body‐worn cameras (BWCs). We draw on recent advances in the measurement of procedural justice using systematic social observation of police in field settings in the Los Angeles Police Department. Data collected on 555 police–citizen encounters are examined in bivariate and multivariate models exploring the primary hypothesis that BWCs affect procedural justice delivered by police directly and indirectly. Our results indicate that significant increases in procedural justice during police–citizen encounters were directly attributable to the effect of BWCs on police behavior as well as to the indirect effects on citizen disrespect and other variables. The implications for policy include explicit measurement and monitoring of procedural justice or elements such as officer discourtesy in departments adopting BWCs. Further research questions such as more detailed examination of citizens’ behavior changes under BWCs are also considered in the context of the findings.     

先地方后中央:中国行政程序立法的一种思路——兼论《重庆市行政程序暂行条例》(试拟稿)的问题

文章认为 ,行政程序立法是一项艰巨而繁杂的系统工程 ,在中国行政程序立法的思路上可考虑“先地方后中央”的模式。本文三位作者经过将近一年多时间的努力 ,提出了一份《重庆市行政程序暂行条例》(试拟稿 ) ,为中国行政程序立法“先地方后中央”的模式进行了身体力行的探索。     

关于日本实施的试验观察——日本社区防止青少年犯罪的实例

试验观察制度是由家庭法院来实施的,它是一种可以充分保障少年自由权的制度。不法少年在试验观察期间可以反省自己的问题,并通过自己的努力与周围的人和谐相处,尽量在观察期间表现良好来得到观察员的认可,从而达到回归社会的目的。     

How the Framework of Implementation Science Guided an Evidence‐Based Dependency Parenting Program Initiative in Florida

In Florida, like most states, many of the parenting programs that are being utilized with families in the dependency system are non‐evidence based, and fail to provide quantifiable data on parent progress during and after completion of the programs. Providing pertinent information in court on parents’ progress in a parenting program, as opposed to simply monitoring attendance, is a growing need voiced by dependency judges and child welfare case management professionals. Clear, reliable information related to parenting skills acquisition and insight can help to ensure that families involved in the child welfare system have access to quality services that improve outcomes for their children. The purpose of this paper is to detail how a statewide initiative to increase the number of Florida circuits providing evidence‐based parenting programs to their clients utilized implementation science to guide their process, and the degree to which the participating circuits achieved full implementation of evidence‐based parenting programs.     

Digital Election Observation: Regulatory Challenges around Legal Online Content

Between public debates about ‘hacking’ elections, so-called ‘fake news’ and online disinformation campaigns, it has become hard to imagine what free and fair elections in a digital environment could look like. This challenge is particularly pronounced for election observers who monitor free and fair elections. How should election observers fulfil this task when reliable data in online media campaigns are often not even available to media regulators? The following article provides a brief overview of existing challenges around online content regulation and how these apply to elections and election observation. It then considers where resources for digital electoral observation exist and how most effectively to build on these before, in conclusion, discussing next steps and potential opportunities to develop digital election observation further.     

谈侦查人员的观察能力

侦查破案的过程,就是侦查人员通过认真细致的观察、科学合理的思维去发现并确定犯罪嫌疑人的一个认识过程。在这个过程的初级阶段,需要侦查人员通过多种途径去观察并确定刑事案件的发生。随着侦查工作的不断深入和发展,更需要侦查人员通过观察的方法,准确地把握犯罪的相关要素（信息）。     

大鲵体表溃烂病的病理组织学观察

通过病理切片和HE染色技术,对自然发生体表溃烂病大鲵的皮肤、肌肉、肝、脾、肺、胃肠道、肾等器官的病理组织学变化进行了观察.结果显示,肠道黏膜层、黏膜下层及浆膜层有大量炎性细胞浸润,黏膜上皮细胞大量坏死;肝中央静脉扩张淤血,肝细胞肿胀,体积增大,部分肝细胞胞浆及胞核淡染、溶解、消失,只剩下细胞轮廓,肝间质充满大量淋巴细胞、单核细胞等炎性细胞;肾间质出血,大量红细胞浸润,肾小球毛细血管严重扩张、充血,肾小囊扩张,部分肾小囊内可见均质红染的蛋白样物质,肾小管上皮细胞空泡变性,部分肾小管上皮细胞坏死、溶解、消失,管内有大量管形出现;脾实质细胞弥漫性坏死;肺泡腔内充满数量不等的红细胞;肌肉可见间质水肿,间隙增宽,肌纤维零星分布;部分肌细胞肌浆凝固、红染,有的肌细胞胞浆溶解成蜂窝状,甚至胞浆大量消失,只剩下肌膜.表明,患病大鲵除体表皮肤肌肉变化外,肝、脾、肾等重要器官均出现不同程度的病理变化.