The Forward Specialization Coefficient: Distributional Properties and Subgroup Differences

For both public policy and theoretical reasons, criminologists have been interested in the degree to which criminal offenders specialize in particular crimes. Traditionally, offense specialization has been measured with the forward specialization coefficient (FSC). Recently, the FSC has been criticized for being interpretationally obtuse and having no known sampling distribution. In this paper we examine both the interpretational and the statistical properties of the FSC. We conclude that (1) it has an intuitive interpretation that is no less useful than either a standard correlation coefficient or its competitors, (2) its sampling distribution is approximately normal, and (3) the conventional formula for the estimated standard error of the FSC may underestimate the true standard error in some circumstances. With these results behind us, we propose and illustrate both a parametric statistical test for the difference between two independent FSCs and two nonparametric alternatives.     

论牵连犯的处罚

司法实践中 ,牵连犯的认定和处罚涉及犯罪停止形态的变化、追诉时效的中断、新旧刑法交替等因素 ,应立足于相关立法及现有理论成果予以完善。     

宽容刑事观下的我国未成年犯保护处分制度检视

对于未成年人犯罪和不良行为,我国并不正式地存在国外通行的保护处分制度,但具有类似的一些基本形式,包含在收容教养、劳动教养、收容教育、强制戒毒、工读学校、非刑处置和行政处罚等制度中。在当代惩罚向矫正发展的历史背景下,基于"刑罚后撤,保护处分前进"的平台,对我国未成年犯保护处分制度作一系统性整合基础上的规范化构建是相当有社会意义的,这种构建可从未成年犯保护处分的定性、类型、司法裁判机关及该制度和前科消灭的关系等方面加以展开,我国未成年犯保护处分需依赖于刑法宽容精神的倡导,惩罚在自我否定意义上成就了宽容刑事观的胜利。     

规范立功问题相关情况说明的证据学进路

侦查机关就案件侦查过程中的犯罪嫌疑人是否构成立功问题而出具书面说明进行阐释的情况在司法实践中大量存在,此类情况说明在个案中发挥着重要的作用。但是,由于实践中对该类情况说明的证据属性没有统一的界定,这导致此类情况说明的大量滥用,造成证据越位并给司法腐败提供了空间。因此,有必要对其严加规范并对规范的方法予以研究。     

罚金刑适用疑难问题探析

只有当犯罪分子行为时的经济情况能够作为犯罪情节之一的时候,才可以考虑其对罚金数额的影响。对未成年罪犯适用罚金刑,更有利于发挥刑罚的价值,但应尽可能地在罚金数额上予以减免。司法实践中虽然存在着不少"先缴后判"的做法,但该做法并不正当,缺乏明确的法律依据,甚至也缺乏司法解释的肯定。     

民事审判中的事实推定研究

事实推定作为司法证明一种重要的辅助性方法,在特定领域具有不可替代的作用。事实推定的三个要素有不同的要求,除基础事实、推定事实以外,二者的关联性、同时也是推定的根据之一,即生活经验,决定了事实推定的或然性与主观性,为免滥用,应对事实推定的适用条件和规则作严格的规制。遵循五项规则、准确运用生活经验和公共政策进行推定,有助于克服事实推定的局限性。     

论轮奸的复行为理论与共同正犯说

在我国刑法中，轮奸被定位为强奸犯罪的一种加重情节，而非独立的罪名。因强奸犯罪属复行为犯，复行为中的强制行为之上可成立共同正犯，而奸淫行为具有亲手性和排他性，故不能成立共同正犯，各犯罪人只能轮流地、各自地实施奸淫行为。轮奸不是典型意义上的共同正犯，而是数个独立意义上的强奸犯罪之叠加，也只能在宏观上被拟制成为“共同正犯”，即多犯罪人“在实现各自轮流奸淫被害人的目的支配下”通过参与实施“团体性”强制行为而实现每个犯罪人对被害人的奸淫行为。     

刑事和解实务的经济分析

我国新《刑事诉讼法》以立法的形式明确了刑事和解的基本程序和要求，为多年来司法实践中广泛开展的刑事和解工作提供了法律依据。刑事和解在贯彻宽严相济的刑事政策、创建和谐社会等方面有着重要的意义，同时其符合刑法民法化，构建多元纠纷解决机制等现代司法改革发展的方向。但实践中刑事和解开展更多是符合“成本收益”计算的经济学规律，我们应当充分认识和解过程中的经济运行原理，从而更有效地运用好刑事和解，使其为社会创造更多“福利”。     

义务犯的正犯原理

义务犯是一种有别于支配犯的独立正犯形态。义务犯之义务是一种专属于义务主体的积极义务,该义务未必是来自于刑法之外的先刑法义务。一方面,义务犯具有独特的理论价值：一是能够克服传统理论对身份犯处理的误区,并赋予身份性构成要件以特殊的地位;二是弥补传统支配犯理论在处理不作为犯上的不足,并为解决不作为犯中的理论难题提供完善的解决方案。另一方面,为了防止义务犯走向过度保护法益的消极面,也要对义务犯的适用空间进行合理限缩。     

Sexual offenders with serious mental illness: prevention, risk, and clinical concerns

Individuals with serious and persistent mental illness who have also engaged in illegal sexual behavior present a unique challenge for our legal and clinical systems. Frequently, these individuals may engage in problematic sexual behaviors which result in hospitalization rather than incarceration, and an overburdened and resource-deficient public community mental health system is ill-equipped to address the seriousness of these sexual behaviors. We have a rather limited understanding of how prevention programs, intervention strategies, and risk assessment would work with this population. Here we evaluate data from a sample of 245 inpatient psychiatric sexual offenders in a forensic mental health setting and compare these with what information has already been presented in some of the literature. Through an examination of seriously mentally ill sexual offenders and their clinical presentation, legal history, and risk management concerns, we illustrate a variety of tertiary prevention needs. Future directions in the area of prevention and risk management for seriously mentally ill sexual offenders are also discussed.