非洲猪瘟TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立与应用

为建立检测非洲猪瘟病毒(African swine fever virus,ASFV)的快速诊断方法,本研究根据ASFV SY18株p17蛋白的编码基因D117L的保守序列设计并合成引物和探针,建立了基于ASFV p17蛋白的编码基因D117L的TaqMan荧光定量PCR检测方法,并验证其特异性、灵敏性和重复性。结果显示,本研究建立的TaqMan荧光定量PCR检测方法的C_t值与标准品在1×10^9~1×10^1copies/μL范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.998,斜率为-3.192,检测下限为10 copies/μL,且与其他能引起相似症状的猪源病毒无交叉反应。重复性试验结果显示,组间与组内变异系数均小于1.920 7%,重复性好。此方法可用于ASF的早期诊断和ASFV快速检测。     

民事诉讼证据制度若干问题引发的思考

我国民事诉讼法关于举证责任、法院的职权取证、证人制度的规定存在着不足和缺陷。最高人民法院《关于民事诉讼证据的若干规定》借鉴大陆法系和英美法系中的一些成熟的、司法实践中已证明行之有效的学说和制度,结合我国国情,对这些制度进行了补充和完善。     

Identification of human semenogelin in membrane strip test as an alternative method for the detection of semen

Semenogelin (Sg), a protein originating in the seminal vesicles and a substrate for prostate specific antigen (PSA or p30), is a useful marker for the identification of semen. And detection of Sg has been available commercially in a membrane test recently. PSA is commonly used to detect semen in forensic significant samples taken from sexual assault cases. The strip PSA test has been available commercially from various manufacturers for many years. In this study, we evaluated two immunochromatographic membrane tests, one for Sg and the other for PSA by analyzing human semen, other human bodily fluids/materials including urine, blood, saliva, sweat, breast milk, vaginal secretion and fecal materials, semen from various animals and forensic casework samples. The data demonstrate that both Sg and PSA strip tests provide rapid and sensitive method for identification of seminal plasma. These results show that the immunochromatographic method for Sg detection is useful for the identification of seminal plasma in forensic samples, an alternative to the method for PSA detection.     

Hacia una aproximación crítica entre el derecho constitucional y el derecho internacional

The state has traditionally been studied from an internal prism, a study which has been carried out by political or Constitutional law; or it has been studied from an external focus, in its relations with other states and supranational organizations; matter that was awarded to International Law. These categories are obsolete. New times coming from the effects of globalization force us to bring epistemological and axiological approaches from both disciplines. This is the reason, purpose and need for this paper, which is formulated from positions close to the criticism. The happiness of human being is the aim of policy and law, both state and international. So, it is necessary adopting different social tools to interpret critically the juridical reality.     

Los principios generales en la convención de naciones unidas sobre compraventa internacional de mercaderías

In this paper the author analyses Article 7o. (2) of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. This regulation cites the general principles on which it is founded as a law of integration and interpretation of the Convention. The paper investigates some of the principles established by the doctrine such as the following: acting in good faith; interpreting the real intention and logical nature of contracts; estoppel theory; the freedom to choose the content and form of the contract, and the mitigation of damages. It also demonstrates the scope of previous court rulings.     

领导发展：理论溯源与途径探析

发展是社会永恒不变的主题,领导理论与实践的发展是建设政治文明的重要组成部分。从领导发展的理论溯源、理论架构、内容、途径以及可持续发展等方面进行具体分析与研究,对领导科学的完善以及领导管理科学化具有重要的意义。     

鸡马立克氏病肾肿瘤p15基因的甲基化特异性PCR检测

选取300只1日龄公鸡,人工复制鸡马立克氏病(MD)模型,随机分为对照组和MD组,分别于35日龄、40日龄、45日龄采取鸡肾,观察病理组织学变化,通过甲基化特异性PCR方法,检测了MD病鸡肾肿瘤发生和发展过程中p15基因甲基化的变化,以探讨p15基因甲基化与肾肿瘤发生、发展的关系。结果显示,MD组鸡的临床表现以及肾组织的病理变化符合MD的特征,说明人工复制MD模型成功。在正常鸡肾组织中没有发生p15甲基化,在MD病鸡肾组织中p15甲基化的发生率高达61.7%,与正常对照组差异极显著(P0.01),并呈时间效应。证实,p15基因甲基化与MD的发生、发展密切相关。     

p33.4位点扩增片段长度多态性及其法医学应用的研究

以聚合酶链反应（PCR）、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直电泳和银染法对中国100名无关个体小卫星区域p33．4位点的扩增片段长度多态性（Amp－FLPs）进行了研究，检出了8个等位基因。通过BIOTRAC系统进行数据处理．各等位基因重复单位的数目分别为7、10到15，其中在13～14之间发现一差值不足一个重复单位长度的罕见等位基因。片段长度分布于603～1115bP之间，基因频率分布于0.5～33．5％间，杂合度为64％，DP值为84．5％。对5个家庭25名相关个体进行分析，符合孟德尔遗传定律；对同一个体不同组织的DNA进行P33.4位点的分型研究表明，该技术适宜于法医物证检验。此外，本研究以Chelex处理不同检材制备DNA模板用于扩增，率先建立了比常规方法更快、更简便、更为实用的检验方法。     

Institutions and Morality Policy in Western Democracies

This article investigates whether different political institutions such as executives, legislatures, parties, party systems, judiciaries, decentralization, constitutionalism, and referendums across 24 Western democracies are venues for debate across five individual morality policies. Using data since 1945, the article compares three theories of morality policy—(1) Policy Type leading to different institutional venues; (2) Two Worlds of religious/secular party systems; and (3) U.S./European exceptionalism. In order, the most frequently debated issues are abortion, same sex marriage, euthanasia, stem cells/assisted reproductive technology (ART), and capital punishment. There is considerable variation in the institutions and country groups that debate them although fewer differences in the Two Worlds model. Abortion, euthanasia, and same sex marriage are the most convergent issues across institutions, party systems, and country groupings while capital punishment and stem cells/ART show the most diverse patterns of deliberation. The general Policy Type model of morality policy is upheld, but varies institutionally by specific issues. The Two Worlds model is of some importance, but only on three issues. There also are regional differences between the United States, Europe, and non‐European democracies.     

美国行政改革的价值取向及其启示

市场化、放松规制、分权化是美国行政改革实践中的三种基本价值取向。尽管中美两国行政改革属于现代化不同阶段上的改革,因而两者在改革的具体政策的选择上具有很大的不可通约性,但它仍能给我们一些有益的启示。