美国职务发明权属规则之演变及其启示

美国职务发明权利归属经历了从归属发明人向“发明前转让协议”支配的演变,且在政府资助领域完成了从“约定”到“法定”的转移。其中揭示的一般性规律在于：职务发明权利归属是取决于人力资源稀缺性还是更取决于物资资源稀缺性的社会条件。同时还表明企业主导和政府资助发明是现代国家科技创新的两种方式,且因政府资助发明领域涉及多元主体和多元利益,关于其发明成果权利归属的法律制度安排应有所不同。受此启示,在我国职务发明人与单位契约地位不平等及利益失衡的情况下,专利法应为职务发明人提供兜底性保障;为促进我国科技成果转化利用,应完善政府资助领域职务发明人利益分享机制和相关配套制度立法,并宜在专利法之外通过特别法的方式予以推进。     

水权利体系构建

水权制度建设的基础是构建完整与科学的水权利体系。水权利是一组涉水权利,由水资源所有权、水权和其他水权利构成。水权制度建设的目的在于水资源的可持续利用。重点在于建设水权。明晰水权,必须明晰各种水权利的含义与内容。水权是指水资源使用权,包括取水权与用益水权。     

网络虚拟财产的性质、归属及保护

随着网络日益融入人们的日常生活,网络虚拟财产纠纷日渐增多。网络虚拟财产是指存在于与现实具有隔离性的网络空间中、能够用现有的度量标志度量其价值的数字化的新型财产。由于我国现今对于网络虚拟财产的保护立法仍处于空白,因此,建立完善的网络虚拟财产保护体系的现实意义也日益凸现。     

数据权属的逻辑结构与赋权边界--基于“公地悲剧”和“反公地悲剧”的视角

前互联网时代的既有数据确权立法无法有效映射信息时代对于数据权利的实质性诉求,现有学术研究亦对新型数据权属的阐释和论证力有不逮,数据确权已成为数字化转型亟待解决的基础性理论研究问题。数据权属体系的构建,应遵循数据产生及其市场运作的底层逻辑,以实现数据产业健康可持续发展、维护数据权益相关方利益平衡为目标,将数据权属赋权于在数据生成与利用中处于核心驱动地位方为准则,避免数据权利内容及界限过于模糊、笼统,以此缓解激励数据生产与降低个体隐私权侵害风险之间的内在张力,形成个人用户、平台企业、政府国家之间对于数据权属的内容和边界的合理界分,构建社会公众、网络平台、政府国家数据治理"共建共治共享"的格局。     

Character Weakness,Partisan Bias,and Presidential Evaluation: Modifications and Extensions

In a recent article Goren (American Journal of Political Science, 46, 627–641, 2002) draws upon theories of negativity bias, partisan bias, and motivated reasoning to posit that the more strongly people identify with the opposition party of a presidential candidate, the more heavily they will rely on character weakness impressions to construct global candidate evaluations. This paper modifies the theoretical framework by positing that (1) partisans will judge opposition nominees most critically on the traits owned by the former’s party and (2) partisan bias promotes negativity bias in the evaluation of incumbent presidents seeking reelection and incumbent vice presidents seeking the presidency. Analysis of data from the 2000 and 2004 NES surveys, along with a reconsideration of the results from the 1984 to 1996 period covered in the original piece, yields strong empirical support for these expectations.

The beginning of university entrepreneurship in Japan: TLOs and bioventures lead the way

Following reforms between 1998 and 2004, Japan’s technology transfer system closely resembles the U.S. Bayh-Dole system. Numbers of TLO patents and licenses and numbers of startups are respectable compared to U.S. numbers shortly after enactment of Bayh-Dole. However, capabilities of TLOs vary, average royalties are low, and business prospects for most startups seem limited. In contrast, joint research with companies is increasing rapidly. Most joint research inventions are jointly owned giving the companies an automatic de facto, non-transferable, royalty-free and license. Data from one university show a large proportion of engineering and materials/chemistry inventions are attributed to joint research with large companies, thus limiting opportunities for startup formation and licensing to other small companies. (In biomedicine, pre-emption of discoveries by joint research is less.) Pre-emption of university discoveries (often publicly funded) under joint research agreements recreates the pre-reform system, where corporate donations also enabled pre-emption of discoveries. Like the old system, the new system is advantageous to established companies. Strengthening the formal system (including programs to assist startups) may redress this balance and give Japan the benefits of both types of technology transfer systems.

农村集体土地征收中被征收入的权利缺损及其补全——从以集体所有权为中心到以农民用益物权为中心

农民集体土地所有权由于缺乏一级市场上的价值发现机制,同时公益性征收中土地改变用途未必能产生地价增值,导致农村集体土地征收中被征收入权利缺损难以通过以集体所有权为中心的补偿制度来弥补。新农村建设中农民土地承包经营权等用益物权不仅是未来农民个体生存权与发展权获得实现的主要法律形式,农民用益物权流通市场的发展也使之更充分的被市场发现价值,从而针对农民用益物权的专门补偿适合成为弥补农村集体土地公益性征收中被征收入权利缺损的新的制度中心。     

论政府公权力对农民集体土地所有权的侵害及其治理

当前政府公权力侵害农民集体土地所有权的问题十分严重。对这一问题的治理需要从四个层面考虑：一是从治本之举考虑拟制地方政府追究土地财政的动因;二是改革和完善土地征收与出让制度;三是建立严格的土地征收问责责任制;四是司法权有效制衡行政征收权。     

Measuring issue ownership with survey questions. A question wording experiment

Issue ownership, which has a competence and an associative dimension, refers to the link between issues and parties in voters' minds. Although used frequently in voting research, there remain worries about the validity of its current measures. The measures may be confounded with respondents' (dis)agreement with parties' position and general party evaluations. Through a question wording experiment we compare measures of both issue ownership types and test which are most affected by the two confounding factors. We find that competence issue ownership measures are heavily affected by confounding factors while associative issue ownership wordings are less. Challenging existing research, we find that especially the classic ‘best at handling’-wording tapping competence issue ownership is most conflated with positions and party preference.     

社会捐赠剩余的法律分析

随着社会捐赠活动的增加，其剩余款项的归属纠纷频繁发生。为了维护社会捐赠人的初衷得以实现，使社会捐赠活动得以有序、良好的发展，本文从现行的司法和法律的处理状况入手，对社会捐赠剩余归属进行法律分析，借鉴英国《慈善法》中的“力求近似原则”在这个问题上的处理方法，结合我国的现实状况对我国社会捐赠管理制度进行构建。