Fatal intoxication with tianeptine (Stablon)

Tianeptine (Stablon^®), although structurally similar to tricyclic antidepressants, acts by enhancing the reuptake of serotonin. A fatal case is presented involving a 26-year-old man, found lying in bed with a “mushroom of foam” around his mouth. Empty blister packs of Stablon^® and a suicide note were found next to the body. A liquid–liquid extraction procedure with n-hexane: ethyl acetate and n-hexane: 2-propanol, followed by LC-DAD-MS analysis, using positive mode electrospray ionization was performed. The detection limit was 0.001 μg/mL. The toxicological results revealed the following tianeptine concentrations in the post-mortem samples: blood 5.1 μg/mL; urine 2.0 μg/mL; liver 23 μg/g; stomach contents 22 mg. Femoral blood analyses also revealed an ethanol concentration of 0.53 g/L. The present method was also developed and validated for the other post-mortem specimens, since no previous published data had confirmed the post-mortem distribution of tianeptine. The absence of other suitable direct causes of death (macroscopic or histological) and the positive results achieved with the toxicological analysis led the pathologist to rule that death was due to an intoxication caused by the suicidal ingestion of tianeptine in combination with alcohol.     

与时俱进深化收入分配制度改革

改革开放以来,我国的收入分配制度发生了根本性的变革。本文在分析收入分配领域存在的突出问题的基础上,提出以十六大精神为指导,从六个方面深化收入分配制度的改革。     

解说中国收入分配调节的五大难题

新体制建立过程中需要特别关注收入分配制度的完善,防止居民收入分配差距过大。但目前,税制缺陷、社保资金不足等是困扰我国收入分配调节的五大难题。     

论WTO与公安行政审批制度的改革

计划经济体制下行政审批 ,成为构建新体制的主要障碍之一。为与WTO的规则接轨 ,应针对WTO对公安行政审批的影响、研究问题与危害、进行公安行政审批的改革。     

我国个人所得税税制改革亟待完善

个人所得税在调节收入差距、缓解分配不公过程中已暴露出许多矛盾和问题,随着经济体制改革的不断深入,个人所得税税制亟待修改、完善。     

关于医源性感染案件因果关系的认定与证明责任的分配

对于感染类医疗侵权纠纷,其因果关系应按“充分可能”为标准,如果医疗行为存在着足以导致患者感染的可能,就应认定医疗行为与感染后果之间存在因果关系,除非有不同的情形存在。关于证明责任分配,只要患方证明存在患者受感染和因感染而发生损害的后果,以及患者接受医方实施了可能引起感染的医疗行为,就应初步确立医方的责任。医方要排除自己的责任,则需要证明患者的感染以及因感染而发生的损害后果不是自己的医疗行为所导致;或者医方的医疗行为是严格遵循避免感染的医疗法律法规以及医疗规程,已经尽到了必要的阻止感染的注意义务,也就是说医方对患者的受感染以及因感染而发生损害的后果不存在主观过错。     

越战后美国对印支难民的安置与其地区分布分析

在印支3国(越南、柬埔寨、老挝)1975年后出现的难民潮中,有大批人移居美国。美国出于现实利益需要和人道主义原则而接纳了他们。最初的难民在经过收容中心后,被安置到全国不同的居留地。他们跟着又与后来的难民分别通过家庭团聚、政府的"疏散政策"以及重择高福利居留地等方式,先后进行"二度移民",从而形成了印支难民在美国地区分布的基本格局。这一分布是高度不平衡的,高集中性的。     

环境权实施机制模式研究

环境权的实施机制对于预防和解决环境问题,维护人类的环境利益具有实际意义,但现有的理论并没有为环境权的实施机制提供一个可供借鉴的成功模式,我们认为,环境资源的市场配置、政府环境公共物品的提供、环境权与传统权利冲突的解决以及程序性权利的完善与享有构成了环境权实施机制的主要框架。     

State-owned enterprises,state capitalism and social distribution in Singapore

State-owned enterprises and sovereign wealth funds have ‘insured’ Singapore's domestic economy against financial crisis and restructuring interventions from multilateral institutions, engendered elite cohesion and political stability, binding middle class employees to the political system. This essay analyses paths by which the Singapore government established state-owned enterprises and transformed them into global enterprises. It also examines how sovereign wealth funds contribute to government social expenditure without increasing taxes. Such redistribution through state capitalism resonates with the People's Action Partys social democratic origins, inviting comparisons with contemporary developments in Chinese state-capitalism.     

Fatal intoxication with 1,4-butanediol: Case report and comprehensive review of the literature

A fatal case of 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD) oral ingestion is reported here, in which a 51-year-old man was found dead in his bed. According to the police report, the deceased was a known drug user. A glass bottle labeled (and later confirmed to be) “Butandiol 1,4” (1,4-BD) was found in the kitchen. Furthermore, the deceased's friend stated that he consumed 1,4-BD on a regular basis. The autopsy and histological examination of postmortem parenchymatous organ specimens did not revealed a clear cause of death. Chemical-toxicological investigations revealed gammahydroxybutyrat (GHB) in body fluids and tissues in the following quantities: femoral blood 390 mg/L, heart blood 420 mg/L, cerebrospinal fluid 420 mg/L, vitreous humor 640 mg/L, urine 1600 mg/L, and head hair 26.7 ng/mg. In addition, 1,4-BD was qualitatively detected in the head hair, urine, stomach contents, and the bottle. No other substances, including alcohol, were detected at pharmacologically relevant concentrations. 1,4-BD is known as precursor substance that is converted in vivo into GHB. In the synoptic assessment of toxicological findings, the police investigations and having excluded other causes of death, a lethal GHB-intoxication following ingestion of 1,4-BD, can be assumed in this case. Fatal intoxications with 1,4-BD have seldom been reported due to a very rapid conversion to GHB and, among other things, non-specific symptoms after ingestion. This case report aims to give an overview to the published of fatal 1,4-BD-intoxications and to discuss the problems associated with detection of 1,4-BD in (postmortem) specimens.