试论刑事证明责任之分配

刑事证明责任之分配与犯罪成立之判断密切相关。两大法系国家在证明责任分配上均要求控方承担积极构成要件证明责任,而由被告人承担某些特殊事实的证明责任。我国刑事诉讼法中缺乏对刑事证明责任明确的规定,实践中,控方对犯罪成立几乎承担着全方位的证明责任。为平衡不同利益,对部分犯罪中的特殊事实实行证明责任倒置是合理且必须的。     

第三次分配:理论、实践与政策建议

随着中国经济社会发展进入新时代,以公益慈善、志愿服务、共享经济等为代表的各种新经济社会形态蓬勃发展,在理论、政策和制度层面提出了许多新问题,亟待研究解决。中共十九届四中全会在坚持和完善中国特色社会主义制度、全面部署国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的总体战略中,特别提出要"重视发挥第三次分配作用,发展慈善等社会公益事业"。本文在对第三次分配的理论发展和主要观点进行综述和厘清的基础上,结合近十年来实践领域的新发展和新需求拓展了对第三次分配的理解,将其界定为丰裕社会的财富流向如何适应个体精神追求并达成人民美好生活的命题;随后在与初次分配和再分配相比较的基础上分析了第三次分配的特征,并就第三次分配的研究和政策发展提出相应的建议。     

Disability and support relationships: What role does policy play?

Very little is known about how relationships between people with disabilities and their paid support workers are positioned in policy. With the policy shift toward choice of provider, individualised approaches, person centredness and self‐directed funding, the nature of their relationship assumes a more prominent role in the quality of support practice. The policy analysis in this article explores the extent to which current disability policy acknowledges, promotes, or diminishes the relationships between people with disabilities and workers, in their organisational context. It uses Honneth's conditions for recognition—love (cared for), rights (respected) and solidarity or social esteem (valued)—to understand how policy positions mutuality in the relationship. The policy review applied a three‐stage process: categorisation of policies, textual analysis and content analysis to policy documents at four levels—international, Australian federal, state and organisational in two case studies. The analysis revealed that while a rights framework is explicit in most policies, the emphases on the conditions for recognition within a relationship between people with disabilities and workers are compromised in instructional policies that attempt to manage the tension between choice and risk, particularly at the organisational level.     

猪圆环病毒2型对猪浅表淋巴组织的病理损伤及分布规律的研究

为探究猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)在保育猪浅表淋巴组织和器官中的分布规律,帮助临床检测疾病更好地选择采样部位。对广西某地区PCV2感染的猪进行临床症状和病理学观察,结果发现感染PCV2的猪淋巴组织和器官均有不同程度的病变,其中腹股沟浅淋巴结病变较为严重。运用免疫组织化学技术进行PCV2在保育猪浅表淋巴组织分布规律的研究,发现阳性信号主要存在于巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞的胞浆中,腹股沟浅淋巴结均能检测出阳性信号,且PCV2阳性信号高于其他浅表淋巴组织。建议将腹股沟浅淋巴结作为PCV2诊断的采样组织部位。     

甲胺磷在犬体内的死后分布

目的建立甲胺磷的犬灌胃染毒致死模型,观察甲胺磷在犬体内的死后分布规律。方法犬经8倍LD50（7.4mg/kg）剂量甲胺磷灌胃后,观察其中毒症状,死亡后即刻解剖,分别取心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑、右上肢肌、右下肢肌、胸肌、胃组织、心血、胆汁、玻璃体液和尿液,GC/MS和GC法检测其中甲胺磷含量。结果犬8倍LD50甲胺磷灌胃染毒后20min内出现中毒症状（,53.3±14.1）min死亡。各组织脏器及体液中甲胺磷含量由高到低分别为胃（99.84±0.87）μg/g、脾（46.87±28.67）μg/g、肝（43.82±22.74）μg/g、肾（43.79±29.04）μg/g、心血（35.36±13.98）μg/mL、肺（35.25±18.59）μg/g、尿34.81μg/mL、胸肌（19.23±17.18）μg/g、右上肢（16.92±8.98）μg/g、心（15.09±6.11）μg/g、右下肢（12.83±7.63）μg/g、脑（10.91±4.13）μg/g、胆汁（6.75±1.45）μg/mL、玻璃体液（6.22±4.97）μg/mL。结论甲胺磷在犬体内死后分布不均,胃、脾、肝、肾、心血、肺、尿检材中含量较高,可作为疑似甲胺磷中毒毒物分析的检材。