False-negative probability in the SEM/EDS automated discovery of iGSR particles: A Bayesian approach

The automated search software integrated with a scanning electron microscope (SEM/EDS) has been the standard tool for detecting inorganic gunshot residues (iGSR) for several decades. The detection of these particles depends on various factors such as collection, preservation, contamination with organic matter, and the method for sample analysis. This article focuses on the influence of equipment resolution setup on the backscattered electron images of the sample. The pixel size of these images plays a crucial role in determining the detectability of iGSR particles, especially those with sizes close to the pixel size. In this study, we calculated the probability of missing all characteristic iGSR particles in a sample using an SEM/EDS automated search and how it depends on the image pixel resolution setup. We developed and validated an iGSR particle detection model that links particle size with equipment registers and applied it to 320 samples analyzed by a forensic science laboratory. Our results show that the probability of missing all characteristic iGSR particles due to their size is below 5% for pixel sizes below 0.32 μm². These findings indicate that pixel sizes as large as twice the one commonly used in laboratory casework, that is, 0.16 μm², are effective for initial sample scanning, yielding good detection rates of characteristic particles that could exponentially reduce laboratory workload.     

云计算对知识产权保护的若干影响

云计算作为变革性的信息技术,已对知识产权保护和若干知识产权制度产生了重要影响.与本地计算模式相比,云计算一方面可以更有效地防止著作权侵权,另一方面需要依赖于合同、技术措施、商业方法专利等手段提供综合性的补充保护.云计算会对合理使用原则、发行权穷竭原则构成挑战.云计算环境下,用户的商业秘密保护可能因为数据迁移困难而受到妨碍.由于云计算尚处于发展初期,还不能认为知识产权制度需要进行重大修改.     

从物质到社会:经济学研究对象的三阶段演变及其内在逻辑

The main purpose of economic research is to improve national and social welfare. It contains not only material welfare, but also social benefits. Also, the welfare connotation changed at different times in history. Those changes lead to the evolution of economics. In fact, although modern mainstream economics still concentrate the subject of study on placement of scarce resources, the focus of research in economics will not be the issue of wealth distribution. The subject of economic study has experienced three significant changes. The first one, holding by Classical Economics is the focus on material welfare creation. The second one, highly emphasized by Neoclassical Economics, is the notion that includes distribution of resources and money exchange. The last one, promoted by modern mainstream economics after the 1970s, broadens the research content greatly due to referring to extensive social utility.     

关于对利益受损职工货币补偿量的测算

改革开放以来,中国经济发展举世瞩目,国内生产总值(GDP)总量已跃居世界第二位.改革在为我们带来辉煌成果的同时,社会也为此付出了巨大的代价和沉重的成本.这部分改革成本主要是由企业一线职工、下岗职工和农民工这些普通的劳动者承担了.他们因此成为改革的利益受损者.在“十二五”期间,政府应开始有计划地对这部分改革的利益受损者进行补偿.为此,本文对上述的利益受损职工的受损程度和货币补偿数量进行了初步的测算.     

The Direction of the Reform of the State-owned Enterprise: Democratic Governance and Fair Salary

The reform of the state-owned enterprises cannot simply copy the governance model of European and American corporations, but should create a new-type labor relations using the unique advantage, which includes the building of democratic management system and fair salary system. As for the reasons: (1) based on the view of contractarianism, the enterprise itself belongs to all members, and there exists equal members relationship instead of employment relationship. As a result, enterprise should implement the common management system according to the contract rules; (2) the state-owned enterprise is not such a democratic organization which is governed completely by the internal, but should accept social regulations and supervision which is outside the enterprise, especially the need to establish a rational system of income distribution.     

社会主义个人收入分配理论和制度的历史性突破

我国的社会主义个人收入分配理论和制度，在邓小平理论指导下，不断革故鼎新，获得了历史性突破：把按劳分配从“资产阶级法权”的桎梏下解放出来，确认它的社会主义性质；提出通过允许和鼓励一部分人先富起来的途径实现共同富裕的理论和政策；以“主体补充论”取代“唯一论”，承认非劳动收入的合法性；提出多种分配方式是社会主义分配制度的重要组成部分的“制度论”；提出社会主义分配必须坚持“效率优先，兼顾公平”的原则；提出把按劳分配和按生产要素分配结合起来的“结合论”。具有中国特色的社会主义个人收入分配理论和制度已经基本形成     

"禁止性骚扰"法律成本的性别分配——新修《妇女权益保障法》的法律经济学分析

新修《妇女权益保障法》明确规定“禁止性骚扰”,无疑是一个历史的进步。但由于法律要件不完全,其它法律法规不配套,产生了法律制度供给的局部不足,立法仅具倡导意义,很难实现法律的预期效益。不仅如此,性骚扰人身权属性的立法设计,在事实上可能产生雇主和其他责任主体的缺位,而仅靠受害妇女投诉禁止性骚扰,在法律文化和程序障碍共存的情况下,等于将救济成本和诉讼风险同时分配给可能是潜在受害人的女性,这可能导致权利的义务化逆转,造成新的法律成本分配的性别不平等。     

以教育投资管理为核心 优化高等教育资源的宏观配置

教育资源,一般是指保证教育活动正常进行而使用的人力、物力和财力的总和,也称教育条件,它是办教育的物质基础.研究教育资源的宏观配置主要是研究教育投资的管理问题.因此,除了要了解影响教育资源宏观配置的主要因素和高等教育投资的特点外,还要了解目前教育资源宏观配置中存在的主要问题.     

论需要资源分配中的越轨行为

需要资源是指满足社会成员需要的物质条件和社会环境。资源分配中的越轨行为有许多,有有权越轨和无权越轨,有对有形规范的越轨和对无形规范的越轨,有公开的越轨和隐蔽越轨。形成越轨行为的因素主要有主观和客观两个方面。为了控制越轨行为的产生,首先要加强教育,提高人们遵守社会规范的自觉性;其次,要加强社会规范建设;再次,弘扬高尚的道德风尚。