利益表达：社会团体对公共政策的影响力

中国社会团体在公共政策的制定过程中扮演着非常重要的角色,发挥着特殊的作用。全国妇联作为维护妇女权益的组织,根据不同时期面临的公共政策制定环境,在博弈过程中,采取了非程序化策略、社会动员、资源集聚和舆论宣传等手段,使妇女阶段性就业这一政策倡议无法从制度上得以产生,确保了妇女解放运动以来所获得的劳动权利,使全国妇联施展的政治影响力最大化。     

PARENT-CHILD OBSERVATIONS IN CUSTODY EVALUATIONS

Child custody evalutors need to increase the scientific foundations of their work, both for the benefit of clients and to address criticisms of the field. Observations of parents with children potentially yield huge amounts of data, and it is important for evaluators to consistently apply scientific and professional principles to make sense of all that information. Recommendations for observation sessions are made that integrate theory, research, and practice. These recommendations include the most important interactional dimensions to focus on, which family members to have present, the optimal level of stress, the number of sessions needed, and considerations about home visits.     

STRICTLY LIABLE: GOVERNMENTAL USE OF THE PARENT–CHILD RELATIONSHIP AS A BASIS FOR HOLDING VICTIMS LIABLE FOR THEIR CHILD'S WITNESS TO DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

Studies estimate that between three and ten million children in the United States witness domestic violence annually. Although studies have demonstrated a co‐occurrence of domestic violence and child abuse, there is no concrete evidence to support the assumption that a child's exposure to domestic violence increases the risk to the child of abuse or neglect. Recently the New York State Court of Appeals determined that a child's witness to abuse does not suffice, in and of itself, to show that removal of the child is necessary or that removal is in the “best interests” of the child. Programs which have developed alternatives to presumptive removal understand the importance of viewing the interests of the battered parent and children as being in accord with each other rather than in opposition. Private and government sponsored programs have demonstrated some success in protecting the parent‐child relationship, ensuring the safety of both parent and child, and increasing accountability of batterers while reducing the necessity for removals. Alternative programs are less costly to the state than foster care, and emotionally less costly to the families.     

中草药添加剂对断奶猪肠道菌群与生产性能的影响

用杜仲叶、山楂、黄芪等中草药研制猪用饲料添加剂 ,对 4 0日龄断奶仔猪进行饲喂试验 ,观察其对断奶仔猪肠道菌群和生产性能的影响。试验结果表明 ,服用中药的 3组试验猪肠道中的乳酸菌和双歧杆菌均比对照组明显增高 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,而大肠埃希氏菌和肠球菌指数以及腹泻发生率则明显降低 ;日增重分别比对照组提高了 9.2 0 %、5 .5 0 %和 13.32 % ;料肉比分别比对照组降低了 9.80 %、6 .6 4%和 15 .0 3%。结果显示 ,该中草药饲料添加剂常规粉剂和提取物制剂均能促进仔猪肠道中有益菌的增殖 ,提高猪的生产性能。     

Drugs in motorists traveling Swedish roads: on-the-road-detection of intoxicated drivers and screening for drugs in these offenders

This paper deals with the police officer's or police doctor's ability to find drivers under the influence of drugs. We have also studied whether the protocol on the driver's previous histories of drug intake is useful for directing the chemist in his analytical approach to revealing intoxicants in the suspects' body fluids. A comprehensive procedure for screening traffic-hazardous drugs in the urine was found necessary and is described. By using this method, we have studied the incidence of drunken drivers with detectable medicinal or illicit agents. The results demonstrate that 91% of those drivers found by the officer or doctor of the police to be on intoxicants other than ethanol, carried some kind of traffic-hazardous drug in their body fluids, and that the doctor was a better judge than the police in identifying these offenders. By using a series of chemical methods for drug screening, we found that every third driver suspected of drunken driving due to ethanol, but not to other intoxicants, held some kind of a traffic-hazardous drug substance in his urine; benzodiazepines and cannabinoids were the most common findings. The data imply that 34% of these suspects revealed their intakes of traffic-dangerous intoxicants. We conclude that the judgements of both the officer and doctor of the police are needed for an efficacious detection of drivers under the influence of drugs. Moreover, the results infer that the chemist has to screen for intoxicants to reveal these in a suspect driver. We also conclude that drugs, particularly the benzodiazepines or cannabinoids, may be commonly encountered in drunken drivers, suspected of being inebriated by ethanol but no other toxicants.     

Political Journals in Germany

Germany in the 18th and 19th centuries possessed a wealth of monthly political journals. The period after the Second World War saw a renaissance of monthly journals, which offered orientation to a populace disoriented by National Socialism and war. Today there is a limited number of monthly political journals and their total circulation does not exceed 100,000. But their readership constitutes the small group of citizens who take an interest in politics and in political discourse. Their quantitative influence cannot be measured, their qualitative influence cannot be overestimated. The article focuses mainly on the magazines Neue Gesellschaft/Frankfurter Hefte and Die Politische Meinung. The former is supported by the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, the latter by the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung.     

新中国成立以来党的四条总路线对我国经济社会发展的影响

党的基本路线是党和国家在一定历史时期为解决社会主要矛盾,实现其政治目标而制定的基本方针和政策,是制定和执行各项具体工作、路线和政策的依据。新中国以来我党先后制定了四条基本路线,对我国经济社会的发展产生了巨大的影响,通过研究,试图探寻其中的经验和教训。     

政党政治视角下的俄罗斯联邦共产党

俄共建立20年来,其发展受到俄罗斯政党政治演变的制约和重大影响。与此同时,俄共在俄罗斯政党政治的发展过程中扮演了极其重要的角色,尤其是1993年恢复重建以来,俄共的存在促进了俄罗斯政党政治的规范和完善,对俄罗斯政党政治的发展起着特殊的作用。但是俄共在参加政党政治的问题上仍然存在诸多的难题。俄共的发展应当引起整个俄罗斯社会的关注,而俄共自身更应痛定思痛,通过改革重新走向复兴之路。     

我国公务员周边绩效的影响因素及其提升对策研究

周边绩效是近年绩效评估研究的重点和热点,绩效影响因素的分析是建立绩效评估指标的基础,也是建立整个评估机制的重要根据。本文通过研究我国公务员周边行为和周边绩效的特点及其内外部影响因素,深化了公务员这一群体的周边绩效理论,明确了我国公务员周边绩效的影响因素,提出了提高我国公务员周边绩效的建议,可使周边绩效在我国公务员的绩效管理中得到合理关注,发挥其应有的价值和作用。     

刑事诉讼法修订对我国非法证据排除规则的影响——以检察机关自侦工作实务为视角

非法证据排除规则源自于英美法,于20世纪初产生于美国,逐渐扩展至其他国家。“作为刑事证据法的重要组成部分,‘非法证据排除规则’所要规范的不是证据的证明力问题,而是证据能力问题。该规则也不对一般意义上的证据适用问题加以限制,而主要涉及公诉方证据的法庭准入资格问题。也就是说．如果公诉方所提交的指控证据被法庭认为是违法搜集的,且达到“非法”程度,那么,法庭将剥夺该证据对案件的证明能力。这意味着该证据丧失了证明案件的资格,法官或陪审团将不再对该证据予以采信,并不再用以作为定罪量刑的根据．