The Impact of Hot Spots Policing on Collective Efficacy: Findings from a Randomized Field Trial

In disadvantaged neighborhoods, prior research has found reduced social cohesion and less willingness among residents to address disruptive behaviors and violations of social norms. This deficiency is commonly associated with higher levels of disorder and crime. Therefore, recent scholarship has begun to consider whether police can help foster collective efficacy, especially in places struggling with serious crime problems. Early results are somewhat mixed. Yet the cooperation hypothesis asserts that when neighborhood residents see police as a more viable and reliable resource, residents will be emboldened to exert informal social control to address problems. Over the last two decades, hot spots policing has been recognized as an effective method to reduce crime. At the same time, there have been few rigorous studies of whether this approach impacts collective efficacy at hot spots. To investigate this question, we conducted an experiment in 71 crime hot spots, comparing a collaborative problem solving versus a directed patrol (police presence) approach versus standard policing practices. Over time, a substantial increase in police presence did appear to promote modest improvements in collective efficacy. We attribute this finding to the cooperation hypothesis.     

警察巡逻综合执法的定位选择

我国警察巡逻综合执法是在职能单一的警察巡逻"警种化"情况下提出来的,经过职责"社会化"的探索后回归到"勤务化"进程。职责"社会化"的警察巡逻综合执法存在削弱治安管理功能、违反职权法定原则、带来新的职权冲突、违反法治精神等缺陷;"勤务化"的警察巡逻综合执法具有提高行政执法效率、遏制执法行为腐败、促进警察机构精简等优势。"多警合一"的模式推进了警察巡逻综合执法职责"勤务化"的发展与创新。     

Police crackdowns on illegal gun carrying: a systematic review of their impact on gun crime

This paper presents a systematic review of the impact of police strategies to reduce illegal possession and carrying of firearms on gun crime, including directed patrols, monitoring of probationers and parolees, weapon reporting hotlines, and others. Four studies met the inclusion criteria, reporting a total of seven nonrandomized tests of directed patrols focused on gun carrying in three American cities (five tests) and two Colombian cities (two tests). Six of the seven tests (not all of which were independent) suggest that directed patrols reduced gun crime in high-crime places at high-risk times. However, conclusions and generalizations must be qualified based on the small number of studies, variability in study design and analytic strategy across the studies, preintervention differences between intervention and comparison areas, and limited data regarding factors such as implementation, crime displacement, and long-term impact.Although the protocol for this review was registered and approved by the Campbell Collaboration Crime and Justice Group (), this paper represents an independent effort of the authors and has not been reviewed by the Campbell Collaboration. Evan Mayo-Wilson conducted research for this project while he was Coordinator of the Campbell Crime and Justice Group at the University of Pennsylvania's Jerry Lee Center of Criminology and a student at the Fels Institute of Government.     

操作系统实验室虚拟化方案研究

本文从实际应用出发,分析了操作系统实验室的需求特点与当前应用状况,从硬件配置、软件选择、安装、部署与管理等多方面分析了桌面级虚拟化方案和服务器级虚拟化方案。经过对比研究,指出桌面级虚拟化方案更适合操作系统实验室环境。本文还从实验室管理的角度分析了还原卡在部署与管理方面的限制与不足,建议引入具有行业标准的自动化部署工具与方案,并使用成熟的目录服务进行日常的实验室管理,以实现用户数据安全与隔离,实验状态数据保存等系统实验室迫切且需要的功能。     

浅析我国警察巡逻勤务机制的完善

在当前社会转型的背景下,我国的警察巡逻工作和巡警队伍建设取得了长足的发展,在维护社会安全与稳定方面发挥了十分重要的作用。但我国的警察巡逻勤务机制还存在着一些不容忽视的问题,如现有警力密度不够,难以形成有效控制;警力布局不合理,巡逻体系不严密;巡逻方式不完善,勤务制度不规范等。警察巡逻勤务机制需要从巡控网络建设、精确指导、巡逻警力和监督机制等方面进一步加以完善。     

关于我国警务改革中几个问题的探讨

在经济、社会迅猛发展的新时期,我国公安工作在四有模式的运作下,不断暴露出一些缺陷和弊端,产生了不少新的矛盾与问题：因此,加快我国的警务改革实有必要,同时,对我国构建社会主又和谐社会也有着重大影响。应在执法理念的基础上,对“110”报警服务台、警务巡逻和“文职警察”三个方面展开研究,将“110”报警服务台定位于社会求助信息平台,警务巡逻实现内在、动态的有机统一,并发展“文职警察”。上述三个方面互有联系而又相得益彰。值得大力研究、探索和实践。     

Does the police code of silence vary with police assignment? An empirical exploration of the relation between the code and assignment

ABSTRACT

This paper contains an in-depth exploration of the relation between police code of silence and police assignment. A police integrity survey was used to measure the contours of the code among Croatian patrol officers, detectives, and community-policing officers. Samples of police officers evaluated fourteen hypothetical scenarios describing various forms of police misconduct. Whereas the type of assignment was a weak predictor of the respondents’ adherence to the code of silence, the respondents’ assessments of misconduct seriousness and expected discipline, as well as perceptions whether other officers would report misconduct, were strong predictors of the respondents’ own expressed adherence to the code.     

Saturation Foot-Patrol in a High-Violence Area: A Quasi-Experimental Evaluation

Shoplifting is one of the most common and costly crimes, yet little data exist to determine reliably characteristics of the typical shoplifter or the modus operandi of the crime. It is a crime that has most often been studied using official, secondary data provided by either retail security personnel or law enforcement officers. Reliability issues plague these official data. Continuing the “dark figure of crime” tradition, this study examines shoplifting by covert observation with a camera system installed in a typical suburban retail drug store. A standardized data template was used to record the demographic and behavioral characteristics of shoppers. Significant numbers of shoppers (8.5%) were observed shoplifting. Logistic regression analysis reveals that, while members of some demographic groups shoplifted more often than others, behavioral indicators carried far more predictive power. The methodology and findings are considered within the larger context of the law enforcement and “profiling” literatures.     

Managing Police Patrol Time: The Role of Supervisor Directives

Contemporary police practice advocates the importance of proactive policing activities. Proactive policing reforms emphasize self‐initiated tasks during unassigned patrol time and directed activities based on supervisor review of crime analysis and problem identification. Our study analyzes data from systematic social observations of police patrol officers to examine how officers spent their discretionary time. We find that, on average, over three quarters of a patrol officers’ shift is unassigned. During this time, officers primarily self‐initiate routine patrol, or back up other officers on calls to which they were not dispatched. Just 6 percent of unassigned time activities are directed by supervising officers, dispatchers, other officers or citizens. Moreover, directives provided by supervisors are vague, general in form, and do not operationalize problem‐oriented policing, community‐oriented policing, or proactive policing strategies. We conclude that first, a very significant proportion of patrol officer time is spent uncommitted that could be better utilized doing proactive, problem‐oriented policing activities, and second, supervisors need to provide patrol officers with much more detailed directives, based on sound crime analysis, to help capitalize on the under‐utilization of patrol officer time.     

浅谈如何提高最小巡逻作战单元的战斗力

最小作战单元是指在基层一线开展警务活动的基本战斗实体。提高最小巡逻作战单元的战斗力,一是要增强巡逻民警单兵素质,二是要用警情常量精确指导警力投向,三是要加强管理与考评,四是要完善指挥调度机制,确保整体联动协同作战。