关于违约金数额调整规则的探讨——以《合同法》第一百一十四条为中心

根据《合同法》第一百一十四条规定，可以通过裁判方式调整违约金数额。这种规定的逻辑前提有混淆概念之嫌，导致的结果是思维混沌。明确界定违约金的性质是建立违约金调整规则的基础，违约金分为补偿性违约金和惩罚性违约金。《合同法》第一百一十四条所规定的违约金性质不仅具有补偿性，也具有惩罚性。当补偿性违约金不足以弥补损失时，还应支付赔偿金，故无增加违约金数额的必要；当惩罚性违约金高于实际损失时，一般没有调低的必要。应首先适用意思自治规则，其次才能适用对权利进行适当限制的例外规定。     

‘She’s White and She’s Hot,So She Can’t Be Guilty’: Female Criminality,Penal Spectatorship,and White Protectionism

Despite mainstream criminology’s burgeoning interest in issues of race, class, and gender, very little scholarship has examined whiteness and its attendant privileges in understanding public discourse on criminal offenders. This paper examines the role of penal spectatorship as a discursive mechanism by which white, female offenders are protected in public spaces by virtue of their racial and gender identity. Using a content analysis of comments posted on the mug shot images of white women on a popular ‘mug shot website,’ we find that these women are viewed as victims of circumstance deserving of empathy and redemption rather than as criminals. We offer ‘white protectionism’ as a means by which whites extend privilege and protection to other whites who transverse the boundaries of whiteness through criminality to guard against ‘deviant’ or ‘criminal’ designations. These findings add to our understandings of penal spectatorship as yet another tool of white supremacy operating in the Post-Civil Rights era of mass incarceration.     

简论沈家本的废除死刑观

近代著名法学家沈家本在他主持的清末法制改革中,针对中国古代刑罚的残酷、繁多,主张刑罚趋轻、废除酷刑,并形成了自己颇具特色的废除死刑观。沈家本认为,要在中国废除死刑,必须结合中国的国情,走二步废除论之路,即首先减省死刑、死刑惟一;然后在此基础上谋教养、讲道德、废死刑。     

La evolución del crimen de lesa humanidad en el derecho penal internacional*

Due to its “ex novo” character and the lack of a definition provided by a treaty, crimes against humanity have been evolutionarily defined by different international norms and by the jurisdictional activity of the International criminal tribunals that have been established throughout recent history up until the creation of the International Criminal Court. Thus, both positive and customary International criminal law have represented a competent judicial cooperative way to face these acts, first and foremost, by developing its gradual conceptualization and final codification and, secondly, through enabling the prosecution and the punishment of those responsible for these crimes. Accordingly, the evolution of the crimes against humanity’s definition is an outstanding legal element, which has contributed to the further consolidation of international criminal law.     

The moving targets of penal abolitionism: ICOPA,past, present and future

The history of the International Conference on Penal Abolition (ICOPA) is explored, assessing major trends shaping the current growth of carceral practices and offering suggestions for the future of the conference movement. The goal here is to facilitate the expansion of abolitionism by describing the changing nature of what is to be abolished. A discussion of the emergence of prison abolitionism and of the ICOPA is presented, describing the shift in focus from prison to penal abolition. Taking these developments and character into account, an abolitionist gaze must be expanded to reflect a carceral abolition project, encompassing contemporary penal abolitionism while acknowledging the proliferation of carceral practices and spaces outside the traditional penal system.     

欧洲恢复性司法概述：以比利时为视角

恢复性司法在欧洲的分布版图并不均匀,有些国家,如奥地利、比利时、芬兰等国在恢复性司法的研究和实务方面处于主导地位,但在法国、意大利、西班牙等国的推行并不理想。与大多数欧洲国家一样,比利时的恢复性司法的主要形式是刑事调解。其刑事调解项目启始于20世纪80年代末,从未成年人司法领域开始实践,尔后运用到成年人的轻微刑事案件中,最后推及到整个刑事程序并适用于任何案件。     

刑罚轻缓化的理性思考

在刑罚发展的历史进程中,其发展的总体趋势趋于轻缓：由残酷走向人道,由野蛮走向文明,由严刑峻罚逐步趋于轻缓。刑罚轻缓化的背后蕴含着深厚的理论基础：刑罚人道主义、刑法的谦抑性和刑罚功能的有限性。以此理论为支撑,为了使刑罚轻缓化朝着正确的方向发展,应处理好与罪刑相适应原则、刑罚的本质和现阶段宽严相济刑事政策之间的关系。     

关于附带民事诉讼若干问题的思考

刑事附带民事诉讼是刑民结合的一项重要制度 ,是遭受犯罪行为而受到损害的被害人维护自己合法民事权益的一种重要途径 ,但由于我国刑事附带民事诉讼的立法相对简单、薄弱 ,实践中还存在许多问题 ,文章论述了刑事附带民事诉讼的案件范围 ,特别提及的是精神损害赔偿是否应纳入刑事附带民事诉讼范围 ,以及诉讼中诸如是否交纳诉讼费、提起的期限、诉讼时效的计算、被告人是否有权提出民事反诉等程序性问题 ,并就上述问题提出了思考意见和立法建议。     

从《刑法》第167条看合同诈骗犯罪中的国家被害

在对国有企事业单位实施的合同诈骗中 ,犯罪分子利用相关主管人员在签定、履行合同中的失职行为 ,侵害国有资产 ,国家作为犯罪行为恶果的直接承担者是该类犯罪的被害人。国家在合同诈骗犯罪中属于状态被害人 ,在当前社会转型期间 ,其财产被害性更较以往增大 ,须在加强立法、健全管理体制以及深化国有企业改革等方面抓好被害预防。