刑事执行一体化背景下完善刑罚监督问题研究

刑事执行一体化是我国当前司法体制改革和刑事理论探讨的热门问题。刑事执行一体化的改革与实践,必将在一定程度上影响到刑罚执行法律监督制度的执行。     

百年嬗变:美国少年司法之溯源、衍变及展望

少年司法肇始于美国,至今已有110余年的历史。但美国少年司法发展历程并非一帆风顺,先后历经前少年法院时期、少年法院创设与探索期、少年权利时期以及少年司法晚近变革期等四个主要阶段。其间,少年司法政策因实证主义兴起与新刑事古典主义复兴等社会思潮交叉影响不免时常进退辗转,甚至出现少年法院废除论的主张。对美国少年司法与未成年人保护追根溯源及总结,以吸取其改革中的经验与教训,以供构建我国少年司法制度反省、参酌和借鉴实有必要。     

Prison sentences: last resort or the default sanction?

ABSTRACT

This paper discusses the sentencing purposes for penal penalties, judges’ perceptions of sentencing purposes and prison sentences, and the effects of penal sanctions. We examine judges’ positions towards different penalties, with a focus on imprisonment, since their views on the different penalties are related to their sentencing decision-making. Understanding these views is then critical for several practical and political purposes, including bridging the gap between academic discourse and legal practice. We accessed judges’ views on penal sanctions through a questionnaire and an interview. Our sample is compounded by the judges of the criminal courts from the three major cities in Portugal. Despite the most recent criminological empirical knowledge, judges valued imprisonment as the most adequate sentence, both for different crimes and for different judicial purposes. This result is not consistent with viewing imprisonment as a ‘last resort’ solution. Indeed, we did not find this ‘last resort’ position in our data, and it is not apparent in the judicial statistics on imprisonment rates. Our data highlight the importance of increasing judges’ training on criminological and sociological issues as well as the importance of changing the influence of their personal beliefs regarding penal sanctions into research-based positions.     

制度环境、预期和效率——民事审限制度改革的新视角

民事审限制度作为一项具体的民事诉讼制度,面临着"存"与"废"之争论,改革之声也此起彼伏。从制度经济学的有关理论和公共选择经济学这个视角进行分析,民事审限制度只是民事诉讼这一"制度群"里的一项具体制度,有其存在的制度环境,而且能实现其制度预期,不应废止。但是民事审限延长制度因其责任主体违法处罚制度的缺失,以及审限延长理由的过于抽象性的规定,存在监管真空,极易出现司法腐败,有碍提高司法效率,因此亟需进行改革和完善。     

当代英美刑法中的人格地位与人格评估

随着"报应模式"在当今英美刑法领域的衰微,犯罪人在英美刑法中的地位不断提高,刑法适用越来越重视人格.人格评估的方式在英美之间不尽相同,美国通过犯罪史进行评估,英国使用罪犯评估系统.     

CRACKS IN THE PENAL HARM MOVEMENT: EVIDENCE FROM THE FIELD*

Research Summary For more than three decades, the penal harm movement, which involves “get tough” ideology and policies, has held sway over U.S. corrections. Scholars have justifiably detailed and decried this movement, but in so doing, they have also inadvertently contributed to the view that a punitive worldview is hegemonic. In contrast, we detail four major “cracks” in the penal harm movement's dominance: the persistence of rehabilitative public attitudes, the emergence of second thoughts about the wisdom of harsh sanctions, the implementation of progressive programs, and the increasing legitimacy of the principles of effective intervention for guiding correctional practices. Policy Implications Taken together, these “cracks” comprise evidence that ideological space and political will exist to fight the penal harm movement and to map out a more efficacious and progressive response to crime. Because of the persistence of social welfare sentiments and growing challenges to the legitimacy of “get tough” policies, the potential to continue, if not expand, this countermovement is present. Taking advantage of this opportunity, however, will require forfeiting the belief that there is no escape from a punitive future and undertaking systematic efforts to devise correctional strategies that are based on solid science, improve offenders' lives, and protect public safety.     

香港与内地刑事情报系统的比较研究

起步于20世纪80年代的中国内地刑事情报工作,经过20多年的发展,目前仍然存在很多弊端。主要表现在观念滞后,情报工作后置,涵盖面窄,情报内容设计缺乏科学论证,以及工作机制不健全、管理不统一等诸多方面。它同香港的最大差别表现在:香港警方是情报主导侦查工作,案件未发,情报先行;而内地则是根据案件找线索,被动地收集情报信息。因而,以此为参照和突破口加强内地刑事情报系统改革势在必行。     

从技术到情感：刑民交叉案件管辖

司法与戏剧都是以台上表演、宣讲台词的形式来表达人性化的情感。司法入口的刑民二分法与司法过程的逻辑三段论一样都不能排除情感因素作用。刑民交叉案件很显然是在严格刑民二分观点透视下的模糊和边缘地带。遵循司法制度的合成理论和司法过程的辩证理论，反映世界潮流，体现司法民主，切合和谐主题，采“超越极端，回归情感”的思路，为积极回应和适时流转当事人诉求，把刑民交叉案件管辖的一些历史沉淀和实践探索的边缘性制度逐步固定下来，从而增加现行制度的弹性和适应力。从本质上说，以情取胜而不是以力服人也是司法和竞技的主要差别。     

HISTORICAL CONTINGENCIES AND THE EVOLVING IMPORTANCE OF RACE,VIOLENT CRIME,AND REGION IN EXPLAINING MASS INCARCERATION IN THE UNITED STATES

This article combines insights from historical research and quantitative analyses that have attempted to explain changes in incarceration rates in the United States. We use state‐level decennial data from 1970 to 2010 (N = 250) to test whether recent theoretical models derived from historical research that emphasize the importance of specific historical periods in shaping the relative importance of certain social and political factors explain imprisonment. Also drawing on historical work, we examine how these key determinants differed in Sunbelt states, that is, the states stretching across the nation's South from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific, from the rest of the nation. Our findings suggest that the relative contributions of violent crime, minority composition, political ideology, and partisanship to imprisonment vary over time. We also extend our analysis beyond mass incarceration's rise to analyze how factors associated with prison expansion can explain its stabilization and contraction in the early twenty‐first century. Our findings suggest that most of the factors that best explained state incarceration rates in the prison boom era lost power once imprisonment stabilized and declined. We find considerable support for the importance of historical contingencies in shaping state‐level imprisonment trends, and our findings highlight the enduring importance of race in explaining incarceration.     

刍议废除审判委员会制度的可行性

审判委员会制度作为一项独具中国特色的审判制度,其确立有着深厚的历史背景、理论背景和特定司法背景。毋庸置疑,审判委员会制度在讨论重大、复杂、疑难案件,确保案件质量,实现公平公正等方面确实起到了一定作用。但是,随着司法改革进程的推进和法治社会的逐渐形成,审判委员会制度所存在的一系列弊端越来越引起理论界和实务界的广泛关注。各专家学者和实务界人士都纷纷对审判委员会的职能进行了深入的反思,让人们重新审视审判委员会的存在、组成及其功能;也使有关审判委员会制度的存与废,再次成为焦点话题。同时,他们对此制度的存废评价亦莫衷一是,主要有"废除论"、"维持论"和"改革论"三种观点。笔者认为,由于现行审判委员会制度违背了司法独立、司法公正与司法公开等原则,而且在司法实践中也存在着效率低下、案件质量不高、执法不公甚至司法腐败等种种弊端,因而应该废除审判委员会制度。