超滤离心法测定银杏内酯B纳米结构脂质载体包封率

目的 建立超滤离心法测定银杏内酯B（ginkgolide B,GB）纳米结构脂质载体（nanostructured lipid carrier,NLC）包封率的方法,以便对GB-NLC处方进行优化。方法 利用乳化蒸发-低温固化法制备GB-NLC,在电镜下观察其微观形态,用纳米激光粒度仪测定其粒径和Zeta电位。建立超滤离心测定包封率方法,分离载药NLC与游离GB,采用LC-MS/MS测定包载GB或游离GB含量,并计算包封率。结果 制得GB-NLC外观圆整,平均粒径和电位分别为（173.10±5.84）nm和（－27.47±0.40）mV;超滤离心法测得包封率为（61.97±1.03）%。结论 超滤离心法准确、快捷,适合作为GB-NLC包封率的测定方法。     

高效液相色谱法测定安徽产木通药材中3种有效成分含量

目的测定安徽产木通药材中木通苯乙醇苷B、齐墩果酸和常春藤皂苷元的含量,考察安徽产木通药用价值。方法采用高效液相色谱法,木通苯乙醇苷B的色谱测定条件为:Alltima C18柱(4.6 mm×250mm,5μm),流动相是甲醇-水-磷酸(35∶65∶0.05),流速1.0mL/min,检测波长330nm,柱温35℃;齐墩果酸和常春藤皂苷元的色谱测定条件为:Alltima C18柱(4.6mm×250mm,5μm),流动相是乙腈-水(65∶35),流速1.0mL/min,检测波长203nm,柱温25℃。结果安徽宁国、明光产木通药材中木通苯乙醇苷B、齐墩果酸和常春藤皂苷元含量高于市售木通。结论安徽宁国、明光产木通药材质量较好,可进一步开发利用。     

基于NF-κB/AHR通路探讨电针“足三里”和“内关”对肠易激综合征大鼠内脏高敏感的调节机制

目的 观察电针“足三里”和“内关”穴对肠易激综合征（irritable bowel syndrome,IBS）大鼠内脏高敏感的调节机制。方法 将40只新生SD大鼠随机分为模型制备组（n=32）和空白组（n=8）,采用“母婴分离结合醋酸灌肠”复制内脏高敏感大鼠模型,将模型复制成功的内脏高敏感大鼠随机分为模型组、假刺激组、电针组,每组8只。假刺激组大鼠仅电刺激非经非穴部位,空白组及模型组大鼠仅抓取,不做其他干预;电针组大鼠给予电针同侧足三里和内关穴,每次30 min,隔日1次,共4周。观察各组大鼠一般情况,体质量,粪便性状评分,内脏痛阈值,血清白细胞介素-17A（interleukin-17A,IL-17A）水平,结肠组织中芳香烃受体（aryl hydrocarbon receptor,AHR)、细胞色素P1（cytochrome P1,CYP1)、核因子-κB（nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB) P65蛋白表达水平。结果 与空白组比较,模型组大鼠粪便性状评分显著增加（P＜0.05）,体质量显著下降（P＜0.05）,内脏痛阈值显著降低（P＜0.05）,血清IL-17A水平显著升高（P＜0.05）,结肠组织AhR、CYP1、NF-κB P65蛋白表达水平均显著降低（P＜0.05）;与模型组比较,电针组大鼠粪便性状评分显著减少（P＜0.05）,体质量显著增加（P＜0.05）,内脏痛阈值显著增加（P＜0.05）,血清IL-17A水平显著降低（P＜0.05）,结肠组织AHR、CYP1、NF-κB P65蛋白表达水平显著上升（P＜0.05）。结论 电针“足三里”和“内关”穴能降低IBS大鼠的内脏高敏感,其作用机制可能通过激活NF-κB/AHR通路,上调AHR、CYP1、NF-κB P65蛋白的表达而实现的。     

基于Hippo/AMPK/AKT信号通路探究十二味疏肝利胆颗粒防治胆固醇结石的机制

目的 探究十二味疏肝利胆颗粒（Twelve-Flavor Shugan Lidan Granule,TSLG）降低胆固醇累积预防结石生成的分子机制。方法 基于药理学数据分析获取TSLG的活性成分与靶点;从Genebass数据库获取与胆囊结石疾病相关的基因,通过Cytoscape软件构建TSLG调控网络并进行核心基因鉴定;采用GO与KEGG通路富集分析对TSLG调控网络中的核心基因及肝组织转录组差异基因进行生物功能与通路注释;利用分子对接方法模拟关键生物标志物与TSLG核心成分的对接模式。采用油酸构建胆固醇累积的细胞模型,应用Western blot法、免疫荧光法检测磷酸化腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶（phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase,p-AMPK）、肝脏X受体α（liver X receptors α,LXRα）、ATP结合盒转运蛋白（ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member,ABCG）5、ABCG8、胆固醇调节元件结合蛋白2（sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2,SREBP2）、磷酸化蛋白激酶B（phosphorylated protein kinase B,p-AKT）、磷酸化叉头盒蛋白O1a（phosphorylated forkhead box O1 a,p-FOXO1A）的表达水平;Seahorse细胞能量代谢仪检测细胞线粒体耗氧率和细胞外酸化率;RT-qPCR检测三羧酸循环（tricarboxylic acid cycle,TAC）关键酶的mRNA表达水平。结果 网络药理学分析获得了41个TSLG调控疾病的相关靶点。分子生物学实验结果表明,TSLG抑制p-AMPK、LXRα、ABCG5、ABCG8、SREBP2的表达,增强p-AKT、p-FOXO1A的表达,TSLG抑制糖酵解并增强氧化磷酸化,TSLG抑制TAC循环酶活性,改善肝脏糖脂代谢,从而预防胆固醇结石的生成。结论 TSLG中主要成分可能通过靶向AMPK、AKT及Hippo信号通路调节肝脏代谢,以达到降低胆固醇累积、预防结石生成的作用。     

Mitochondrial DNA study in the Shuar ethnic group from Ecuador

This study presents mitochondrial data from 55 unrelated individuals from two Ecuadorian Shuar communities: Kumbatza and Yukateis. Maternal linage was determined by analyzing the two mtDNA hypervariable regions: HRVI and HRVII. It was shown that the Shuar population exhibited the haplogroup B. This demonstrates that Shuar group is a conserved population with no mixing with the European and African diaspora populations.     

口疮病毒抗体间接ELISA检测方法的建立及初步应用

为建立检测口疮病毒(orf virus,ORFV)抗体的间接ELISA方法,原核表达口疮病毒B2L蛋白与6×组氨酸标签的重组蛋白;对纯化复性后的重组B2L蛋白进行Western-blot鉴定;用复性后的重组B2L蛋白作为包被抗原,优化反应条件,建立检测ORFV抗体的间接ELISA,并进行特异性、灵敏度和重复性评价,最后应用所建立的间接ELISA对来自四川部分地区的384份山羊血清样品进行检测。结果显示,成功原核表达出42 ku的重组ORFV B2L蛋白。Western-blot结果表明,重组蛋白具有良好的抗原反应性。间接ELISA最佳反应条件为:包被抗原质量浓度为5μg/m L,1∶100稀释血清作用2 h,酶标二抗以1∶2000稀释作用30 min,TMB显色时间为15 min。在该优化条件下,D450≥0.31为阳性。该方法具有良好的特异性、灵敏度和重复性。临床样品的间接ELISA检测结果显示,总阳性率为66.67%(256/384),其中未接种过疫苗的羊只抗体阳性率为34.81%(55/158)。上述结果表明,建立的间接ELISA可用于ORFV抗体的检测,四川部分地区山羊场羊只感染野毒的概率较大,疫苗免疫效果不佳。     

Analysis of 4‐Bromo‐2,5‐DimethoxyphenethylamineAbuser's Urine: Identification and Quantitation of Urinary Metabolites

The metabolites of 4‐bromo‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C‐B), a psychoactive drug with hallucinogenic activity, were investigated in a urine sample from a user of 2C‐B. The urine sample was deconjugated enzymatically and the metabolites were recovered by liquid–liquid extraction. The extract was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry after derivatization, and the results were used to identify and quantitate the metabolites. 4‐Bromo‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenylacetic acid was the most abundant metabolite of 2C‐B in human urine and accounted for 73% of the total amount of detected metabolites, followed by 4‐bromo‐2‐hydroxy‐5‐methoxyphenylacetic acid (13%) and 4‐bromo‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenylethyl alcohol (4.5%). According to the literature, the main metabolites of 2C‐B in rat urine are N‐(4‐bromo‐2‐methoxy‐5‐hydroxyphenylethyl)acetamide and N‐(4‐bromo‐2‐hydroxy‐5‐methoxyphenylethyl)acetamide. However, these metabolites accounted for only a small proportion of the total amount of detected metabolites in human urine, which indicates that there are significant species‐specific differences in the metabolism of 2C‐B. 4‐Bromo‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenylacetic acid, which was the most abundant metabolite in human urine, is thought to be generated by deamination of 2C‐B by monoamine oxidase (MAO) followed by oxidation by aldehyde dehydrogenase. Our results suggest that MAO plays a crucial role in the metabolism of 2C‐B in humans.     

Same Crime,Different Time: Why we Need an Amended Guideline for Repeat Offenders to Minors

Currently there is a circuit split between the Second and Ninth Circuits in determining whether or not to apply previous juvenile sex offenses to the sentencing of an adult sex offender. The Second Circuit feels it is within the trial court's discretion to apply an enhancement of the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines by applying either a juvenile adjudicated or unadjudicated sex offense to the sentencing of an adult offender. The Ninth Circuit sees that as improper and only adult sex offenses should be counted toward the sentencing of adult sex offenses. Due to the vague language of this enhancement, the determination of how to apply this is up to the court's discretion. This Note proposes that the U.S. Sentencing Commission amend section 4B1.5, and decide in favor of the Ninth Circuit due to the plain text reading of the statute, as well as the intent of the guideline itself alongside the “rule of lenity” as understood in the Ninth Circuit's reasoning of only applying adult offenses to the sentencing of that adult later on in life. The positive public policy of rehabilitation of juvenile offenders would be served greatly by this amendment to this guideline. By eliminating the possibility of having such an offense count against a juvenile in the future would allow and encourage those juveniles to take positive steps toward their future.     

企业信息化系统的方案设计

企业信息化已经成为企业的命脉和核心竞争力的重要手段。合理地利用好信息技术,企业的效率和竞争力就会大大提升。文中对最新的信息化技术进行了深入的分析,并给出了某制造企业的信息化开发方案。     

Comparison of German population data on the apoB-HVR locus with other Caucasian, Asian and Black populations

A population study of 505 unrelated individuals from Southwestern Germany was carried out on the 3′-apoB hypervariable region (HVR). After amplification via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and agarose gel electrophoresis, 15 different alleles and 47 genotypes were observed. The most common alleles were hypervariable elements (HVE) 37 and 35 with an allele frequency of 0.374 and 0.244, respectively. The heterozygosity index was calculated to be 78.4%. Allele frequencies of this study are compared with results from other databases obtained from a French, a Spanish, an Asian and an American (Black) population.